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RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes _________ is responsible for controlling the production of ___________ in the cell, which is essential to life! o DNARNAProteins _____________ contain several thousand _________, each with directions to make one _____________ Where are Proteins Produced? Proteins are produced on _________________! Found in two places: o Free floating in _______________ o Attached to _______________________ How does information needed to build a protein gets delivered from the DNA to the ribosomes? o With the help of ___________ in a process called ______________________ What is RNA? RNA stands for _______________________ One subunit is called a _________________ o 1 5-carbon ________ (ribose) o 1 _____________ group o 1 nitrogenous __________ Three types of RNA: ____________________ A Closer Look at mRNA How is mRNA different from DNA? o ____________ stranded o ____________ and able to leave the ____________ o The sugar is ____________ o There is a different base ______________ (U) takes the place of ___________ (T) The job of mRNA is to take directions for one gene and transport it to a ____________ in the ________________. o This is so a cell can begin assembling _________________, the building blocks of ________________! o It’s sending a _______________ on how to do the job! Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is a two stage process: ______________________________________ o A _________________ molecule (mRNA) carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes DNA __________ leave the nucleus; ___________ can! ____________ makes it possible for ____________ to be assembled by _____________ outside the nucleus Protein Synthesis: Transcription Transcription is when _________ is turned to _________ Happens when ___________ need to be made in the ____________ Since DNA CANNOT leave the ___________, it is ___________ into RNA (DNARNA) o Transcribe: _____________ (copy in the same nucleic acid language, but only what is needed!) How does it happen? 1) After an ___________ targets the portion of the DNA that should be copied (_________), the sections of DNA (_________) will temporarily _________ to allow mRNA to _________ (copy). This will continue until an enzyme signals “the end” 2) mRNA leaves the __________, travels into the _________ and attaches to a ________ 3) The “message” from DNA can now be translated to make a ___________ Think about it: What is happening in each photo below during transcription? Transcribing DNA to mRNA is very easy if you remember these complementary pairs! o _______ (in RNA) will attach to a ______ (in DNA) o _______ (in RNA) will attach to a ______ (in DNA) o _______ (in RNA) will attach to a ______ (in DNA) o _______ (in RNA) will attach to a ______ (in DNA) Try it! o A piece of DNA reads: T A G C A T T C C G A U Transcribe to mRNA: _____________________________________ o 1 side of DNA reads: A A G C G T A T C C C G Transcribe to mRNA: _____________________________________ Protein Synthesis: Translation Translation The process in which ________ is used as a ___________ to form chains of _______________ (RNAProtein) o Amino acids linked together form a ______________ o Translate: To change a sentence from one language (_____________) to another (________________) Every 3 letters on an mRNA chain = _________________ Each codon (3 DNA letters) = 1 _____________________ Given the ________, we can read a __________ chart to translate it into amino the amino acid it codes for! o Remember, 1 word in nucleic acid language is a __________ (three nucleotides) Think about it: What amino acid is coded for? 1) AUG ____________________ 2) GUC ____________________ 3) GCC ____________________ 4) CGA ____________________ 5) UAA ____________________ Translation occurs in a ____________ in ALL cells Uses all three forms of RNA (_______________________________) DNA is not directly used! tRNA: A Closer Look Steps of Translation 1) The mRNA leaves the _____________ and lands on a ____________ (rRNA) 2) ________ (with correct anticodon) lands on the ribosome opposite a ________ on the mRNA 3) The tRNA leaves the ribosome, but the ___________ that it coded for stays on the ribosome to wait for next codon to be read 4) The _____________ moves to the next __________ bringing in another __________ to the growing protein chain Notice the tRNA is carrying the amino acid leucine, coded for by the sequence “CUA” The tRNA knows how to match using bases! So…mRNA codon reads “CUA,” so the tRNA anticodon will be “GAU” The amino acid chain will ALWAYS begin with the “_______________”- AUG The tRNA will continue to add amino acids until it reaches a “_______________” (UAA, UAG, UGA) When it reaches a stop codon, then a complete ______________has been built! The protein _______________ from the ribosome. Think about it: Label the diagram of translation to the right with the following terms! a) b) c) d) e) f) ribosome mRNA tRNA codon anticodon amino acid chain Let’s Practice! Given the strand of DNA ATC o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ________ o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA __________ o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) _________ o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? __________ Given the strand of DNA TGA o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ________ o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA __________ o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) _________ o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? __________ Mutations Changes to DNA are called _____________ o Change the _________ o Change the _________ o May change _____________ o May change _____________ Types of Mutations Changes to the letters (ATGC bases) in DNA! Point mutation change to _________ letter in the DNA! o May (or may not) cause a change to protein Frame shift mutation addition of a ________letter; or deletion of a letter! o Both of these _________ DNA so it changes how the codons are read o Big changes to protein Point Mutations Missense mutation = ______________________________________ (Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia) Silent mutation= __________________________________________ Nonsense mutation=_______________________________________ Frameshift Mutations ________ or ________ one or more bases o Change the meaning of the whole protein! Addition _______________________________________________ Deletion________________________________________________