* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Sucrase Mechanism
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Lipid signaling wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides wikipedia , lookup
Restriction enzyme wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry Session Session Objectives 1. Enzymes 2. Cofactors 3. Sucrase Mechanism 4. Carboxypeptidase 5. Metabolism 6. DNA and RNA 7. Lipids 8. Hormones and Vitamins Enzymes An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst for a biological reaction. Most enzymes are specific for substrates while enzymes involved in digestion such as papain attack many substrates Cofactors In addition to the protein part, many enzymes also have a nonprotein part called a cofactor The protein part in such an enzyme is called an apoenzyme, and the combination of apoenzyme plus cofactor is called a holoenzyme. Only holoenzymes have biological activity; neither cofactor nor apoenzyme can catalyze reactions by themselves A cofactor can be either an inorganic ion or an organic molecule, called a coenzyme Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins, organic molecules that are dietary requirements for metabolism and/or growth Types of Enzymes by Function Enzymes are usually grouped according to the kind of reaction they catalyze, not by their structures How Do Enzymes Work? Citrate Synthase Citrate synthase catalyzes a mixed Claisen condensation of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to give citrate Normally Claisen condensation require a strong base in an alcohol solvent but citrate synthetase operates in neutral solution Sucrase Mechanism → Sucrase Mechanism → → Active Site of Carboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase's The Structure of Citrate Synthase Determined by X-ray crystallography Enzyme is very large compared to substrates, creating a complete environment for the reaction Aspects of Metabolism Metabolism. The life process. –Catabolism. • Substances are broken down. –Anabolism. • Substances are built up. Metabolism • Lipid metabolism. –Uptake of fats through walls of intestine. –Glycerol converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. –Fatty acids are oxidized by –oxidation. • Protein metabolism. –Stomach: • HCl and pepsin hydrolize 10% of peptide bonds. –Intestine: • Trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave peptide fragments further. Components of DNA and RNA DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. Chromosomes: Double stranded DNA rod-like structures. Genes: Specific locations on chromasomes that code for specific traits. RNA: Ribonucleic acid Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose. Generally single stranded. DNA Double Helix RNA Single Strand Focus On Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code The genetic code How triplets of the four nucleotides unambiguously specify 20 amino acids, making it possible to translate information from a nucleotide chain to a sequence of amino acids. Transcription How RNA polymerase, guided by base pairing, synthesizes a single-stranded mRNA copy of a gene’s DNA template Protein Synthesis(Translation) Translation How base pairing between mRNA and tRNAs directs the assembly of a polypeptide on the ribosome DNA Replication Click here Lipids Some Common Fatty Acids Saponification Fats and Oils Both are triglycerides. –Differ in the nature of the acid components attached. – Both are colorless, odorless and tasteless – Flavors and aromas come from organic impurites. Fats. –Predominantly saturated fatty acids. –Normally solid at room temperature Oils. –Predominantly unsaturated fatty acids. –Liquids at room temperature. Butter “Calorie-Free” Fats Phospholipids Phospholipids Hormones Hormones are molecules that transfer information from one group of cells to a distant tissue or organ. They are produced by various endocrine glands. They are classified on the basis of their structure or site of activity in the cell. Hormones Steroids Adrenal cortical hormones (corticodes) Non-Steroids Sex hormones Female sex homones Estrogen Progestrone Peptide hormones (insulin, glucagon) Male sex hormones (Androgens) Amino acid derivatives (thyroidal hormones) Miscellaneous (Prostaglandins, cyokinins) Vitamins They are essential dietary factors required by an organism in minute quantities. They are essential for life and their absence causes deficiency diseases. Vitamins catalyze biological reactions in very low concentration Vitamins are designated A,B,C,D,etc. in order of their discovery. Subgroup vitamins are designated by number subscript e.g. B1,B2,B6,B12 Classification: A.Fat soluble B.Water soluble Thank you