Download Biology STAAR Review #4 – Body systems

Biology STAAR Review #4 – Body systems
Name ________________________
10 C – Levels of organization
To be considered living: Made of ____Cells_________, Grow, Reproduce, Use energy, Respond to surroundings
Basic unit of life: ____Cell_______________
Level: Cell → ___Tissue_______________ → organ → ______Organ System________________ → organism
10 A - Organ Systems in Animals
Organ
System
Organs
Function
Musculoskeletal
Muscle, bone, ligament, tendon
Move, protect, support
Circulatory
Heart, veins, arteries
Delivers nutrient & oxygen to cells
Removes wastes from cells
Digestive
Stomach, intestines, esophagus
Extracts nutrients from food
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Control center, senses
Endocrine
Hormones, glands: pituitary,
thyroid, adrenal
Regulates body functions, metabolism
Respiratory
Lungs, trachea, bronchi
Reproductive
Ovaries, uterus, testes
Exchange gases
Oxygen in
Carbon dioxide out
Offspring/babies
Integumentary
Skin, nails, hair, scales, feathers,
hooves
Protection, barrier
Excretory
(Urinary)
Kidneys, Bladder, ureter, urethra
Remove (exit) waste from body, urine
Regulate volume
Immune
White blood cells, T-cells, lymph
nodes, Lymphatic system
Fight infection, foreign bodies
10 A– Organ System interaction: An animal’s organ systems interact to perform many functions.
Regulation
Nutrient Absorption
Reproduction
Defense
The endocrine system makes certain hormones. Blood in the circulatory
system carries them to the skeletal system to control the amount of
calcium released from bones. Nervous system detects levels.
Food is broken down in the stomach mechanically by the muscular
system (churns food) and chemically by water, acid, and enzymes in the
digestive system; nutrients are then absorbed by blood in the circulatory
system
Certain hormones produced in the endocrine system control ovulation in
a female’s reproductive system
Integumentary system skin – is first line of defense. Mucus in the lungs
traps a virus in the respiratory system. T-cells in the immune system
destroy virus- infected cells. Nerves in the nervous system sense pain
from a fire on the skin
9 C – Enzymes
• Metabolism – chemical reactions in body – is controlled by the action of enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts
•
to speed up chemical reactions in the cell
• By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to take place
• They have a specific shape and interact with a specific substrate which
• binds at the active site.
• Enzymes are reusable and are not changed during a chemical reaction.
• Cofactors help with fit, Inhibitors block the fit at binding site
• Enzymes can be damaged or denatured at high temperatures and pH extremes
• If shape changes - substrate won't fit into active (binding) site
substrate
1.
2.
3.
4.
Enzymes are what biomolecule? _____Protein________________
What is the function of enzymes? ___Catalyze or speed up chemical reactions__________
What would cause an enzyme to not function? __Extreme heat/pH – denatures enzyme (shape changes)_
Will most substrates will bind to most enzymes? __No, has to be the right shape___________
11 A – Homeostasis – Feedback Loops
Homeostasis - process to maintain ___Balance_____
Control systems:
Receptor, control center, effector
Feedback loops Negative feedback
Positive feedback
System operates to keep the internal conditions of
organism within a certain range despite changes
that occur in its external environment.
Homeostasis is achieved by making sure the temp,
pH, and oxygen levels (and many other factors) are set just right for your cells to survive.
Mechanism
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Response to Stimulus
_Decrease___ effect
Dampen, reverse, go in opposite direction
__Increases__ effect
Amplify, speed, more in same direction
Example
A human that becomes too hot will be cooled off
by dilating vessels and sweating
Eating food increases stomach acid production.
Eating more food causes more acid to be produced
1. Which type of feedback system operates to shut itself off? _____Negative_____________
2. Which type of feedback loop is more likely to get out of control? ____Positive_____________
3. What triggers a feedback mechanism? ____Stimulus_____- a change in conditions from a set point (normal)
4. What is the purpose (benefit) of feedback loops maintaining homeostasis? Keeps the internal conditions within
the narrow range required for cell to ___Survive______________