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Biology STAAR Review #4 – Body systems Name ________________________ 10 C – Levels of organization To be considered living: Made of ____Cells_________, Grow, Reproduce, Use energy, Respond to surroundings Basic unit of life: ____Cell_______________ Level: Cell → ___Tissue_______________ → organ → ______Organ System________________ → organism 10 A - Organ Systems in Animals Organ System Organs Function Musculoskeletal Muscle, bone, ligament, tendon Move, protect, support Circulatory Heart, veins, arteries Delivers nutrient & oxygen to cells Removes wastes from cells Digestive Stomach, intestines, esophagus Extracts nutrients from food Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves Control center, senses Endocrine Hormones, glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal Regulates body functions, metabolism Respiratory Lungs, trachea, bronchi Reproductive Ovaries, uterus, testes Exchange gases Oxygen in Carbon dioxide out Offspring/babies Integumentary Skin, nails, hair, scales, feathers, hooves Protection, barrier Excretory (Urinary) Kidneys, Bladder, ureter, urethra Remove (exit) waste from body, urine Regulate volume Immune White blood cells, T-cells, lymph nodes, Lymphatic system Fight infection, foreign bodies 10 A– Organ System interaction: An animal’s organ systems interact to perform many functions. Regulation Nutrient Absorption Reproduction Defense The endocrine system makes certain hormones. Blood in the circulatory system carries them to the skeletal system to control the amount of calcium released from bones. Nervous system detects levels. Food is broken down in the stomach mechanically by the muscular system (churns food) and chemically by water, acid, and enzymes in the digestive system; nutrients are then absorbed by blood in the circulatory system Certain hormones produced in the endocrine system control ovulation in a female’s reproductive system Integumentary system skin – is first line of defense. Mucus in the lungs traps a virus in the respiratory system. T-cells in the immune system destroy virus- infected cells. Nerves in the nervous system sense pain from a fire on the skin 9 C – Enzymes • Metabolism – chemical reactions in body – is controlled by the action of enzymes • Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts • to speed up chemical reactions in the cell • By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to take place • They have a specific shape and interact with a specific substrate which • binds at the active site. • Enzymes are reusable and are not changed during a chemical reaction. • Cofactors help with fit, Inhibitors block the fit at binding site • Enzymes can be damaged or denatured at high temperatures and pH extremes • If shape changes - substrate won't fit into active (binding) site substrate 1. 2. 3. 4. Enzymes are what biomolecule? _____Protein________________ What is the function of enzymes? ___Catalyze or speed up chemical reactions__________ What would cause an enzyme to not function? __Extreme heat/pH – denatures enzyme (shape changes)_ Will most substrates will bind to most enzymes? __No, has to be the right shape___________ 11 A – Homeostasis – Feedback Loops Homeostasis - process to maintain ___Balance_____ Control systems: Receptor, control center, effector Feedback loops Negative feedback Positive feedback System operates to keep the internal conditions of organism within a certain range despite changes that occur in its external environment. Homeostasis is achieved by making sure the temp, pH, and oxygen levels (and many other factors) are set just right for your cells to survive. Mechanism Negative feedback Positive feedback Response to Stimulus _Decrease___ effect Dampen, reverse, go in opposite direction __Increases__ effect Amplify, speed, more in same direction Example A human that becomes too hot will be cooled off by dilating vessels and sweating Eating food increases stomach acid production. Eating more food causes more acid to be produced 1. Which type of feedback system operates to shut itself off? _____Negative_____________ 2. Which type of feedback loop is more likely to get out of control? ____Positive_____________ 3. What triggers a feedback mechanism? ____Stimulus_____- a change in conditions from a set point (normal) 4. What is the purpose (benefit) of feedback loops maintaining homeostasis? Keeps the internal conditions within the narrow range required for cell to ___Survive______________