Download Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES
energy
Carbohydrate Molecules
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ENERGY
Storage of energy
Cellular structures
SUGAR!!!!!!!!!!
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Carbohydrates are sugars.
Sugars are carbohydrates.
Sugar = energy YAY!
Saccharide means sugar
Saccharides are divided into three
categories
1. Monosaccharides (means one sugar)
2. Disaccharides (made of two single sugars,
snapped together)
3. Polysaccharides (many sugars snapped together)
Monosaccharides (simple sugar)
Contain
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3 – 7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring
2 examples of 5-carbon atoms Ribose and Deoxyribose.
 Ribose is found in RNA.
 Deoxyribose is found in DNA. A deoxyribose is missing one
oxygen, which is why it’s called “de-oxy.“
Nest 3 examples are 6-carbon atoms long:
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose.
All three = 6C atoms, 12H atoms & 6O atoms. The molecular
formula for all three of them is C6H12O6
Wait What?

C6H12O6
= same type
 Chemical Isomers = the same atoms but arranged differently
 Isomers
Dehydration Synthesis
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Two monosaccharides are joined w/ synthesis
Creates a disaccharide
Dehydration synthesis is due to H2O molecules
being released during synthesis
Disaccharide (double sugar)
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Example is Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose. “Lacto-” means milk and it’s found in all
milk.
 Milk
doesn’t taste sweet but that’s because not all
sugars taste sweet. Lactose is actually made of glucose
+ galactose.
Yum…Milk
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Water is used in the decomposition = Hydrolysis
Catabolism = decomposition of nutrients
Polysaccharides (many sugars)
Complex Carbs
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Many monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
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Structural function
 Fuel Storage Function
Amylose= “starch” is the way many plants store sugars.
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Plants and other photosynthetic organisms join glucose sugars
made from photosynthesis into a big chain called amylose.
Cellulose. Cellulose is made up of a bunch of glucoses, just
like starch, however the way they are joined together forms
a branching pattern, unlike starch.
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We cannot digest or break apart these sugar molecules. which is
why it is also known as “indigestible fiber,” “roughage,” or
“insoluble fiber.”
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Monosaccharides (one)
 Ribose,
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Deoxyribose, Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
Disaccharides (two)
 Sucrose
(glucose+fructose), Lactose
(glucose+galactose), Maltose (glucose+glucose)
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Polysaccharide (many)
 Amylose
(starch), Cellulose (indigestible fiber),
Glycogen (animal starch)
Can be added to other molecules
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Can join proteins and lipids
Creates macromolecules
LIPIDS
Stored in fat = future energy
The skinny on Lipids
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Used for energy storage
Stored in fat
Chemical Messengers in some form of hormones
Four Classes
 Neutral
Fats
 Phospholipids
 Steroids
 Eicosanoids
Neutral Fats (triglycerides)
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Contains 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol molecule
 Glycerol
= 3 carbon monosaccharide (C3H8O3)
 Fatty Acid = chain of carbon w/ 1 or 2 H molecules
attached to each C by single or double bonds
 Saturated
fatty acid – single bond
 Unsaturated fatty acid – double bonds
glycoprotein
Macromolecules of amino acids and carbohydrates found in cell membranes
lipoprotein
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Macromolecule made of lipids and proteins
Hydrophilic allows fats to be sheilded from the
blood plasma
Transports fats within the body
Phospholipids
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Similar to triglycerides w/ a glycerol backbone
Two fatty acids attached in one direction
Make up cell membranes – lipid bilayer
Steroids
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Lipids that take up the form of four interlocking
hydrocarbon rings
Hydrophobic, non polar w/ very minimal O
Cholesterol
Cholesterol
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Digests food
Makes hormones
Makes some vitamins
Builds cell walls
Carried through bloodstream by lipidprotein
Too much can lead to heart disease
Eicosanoids
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Lipids formed from 20-carbon fatty acids
Highly potent
Eicosanoids
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Inflammatory response
Gastric integrity
Hyper-sensitivity
Renal function
Regulates smooth muscle contraction
Regulation of blood vessel diameter
Platelet homeostasis
Eicosanoids
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Local action
Not stored, metabolized rapidly
Produced in much smaller quantities
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Most all tissues make their own eicosanoids
PROTEINS
Proteins
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Most abundant organic molecule
Catalyst – speed up all reactions in the body
Transport ions/molecules into and out of cell
 Used
for cellular structure
 Structural body tissues
 Process molecules to harvest energy
 Control chemical reactions
 Regulating growth
Protein make up
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C, O, H, N
 Sometimes
sulfur, iron and/or phosphorus
Workers….
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Protein carries out most ALL functions within cell
other than genetic storage of information
 Hemoglobin
– picks up O2 in body for transport
 Antibodies – immune cell dispatched to fight off
 Hair and Nails
Amino Acids
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Molecule containing central C attached to H
 20
different amino acids!
Amino Acids
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Metabolized in the muscles
Used for immediate energy
Group of amino acids
 Peptide
 Dipeptide
 Tripeptide
 Polypeptide
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When an amino acid chain exceeds 100 it is
called a protein
Protein Structure
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Shape = function
Globular proteins (antibodies) look like a puzzle
 Collagen are long and firm
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Four levels of structure
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Primary structure
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Secondary structure
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Natural bend of peptide chain
Tertiary structure
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Sequence and number of amino acids
Overall shape of a single protein molecule
Quaternary structure
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Two or more proteins bond into a macromolecule
Structural Protein
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Stable and rigid, hydrophobic to add stregnth
 Fibrous
proteins
Functional Proteins
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Hydrophilic, flexible, three-dimensional shape
 Globular
proteins
 Hemoglobin
 Antibodies
 Protein-based hormones
 enzymes
Enzymes
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Biological molecules that act as catalysts
 Lock and Key
Enzyme examples
NUCLEIC ACIDS
AKA “Boss Man”
Nucleic Acids
Largest molecule in the body
DNA
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DNA
 Deoxyribose
 Exists
mainly in nucleus
 Also in mitochondria
 Provides all instructions for protein building
Genes
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Instructions are coded in segments called genes
RNA
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RNA
 Ribonucleic
acid
 Transfers instructions OUT of the nucleus into the
cytoplasm
 Builds proteins
DNA – boss man
RNA – worker
Nucleotides
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Molecular building blocks of nucleic acids
Formed by sugar (pentose) and phosphate groups joined in long chain with nitrogenous base
open for metabolic activity
5 difference nucleotides / same structure
N (base) + 5C pentose sugar + Phosphate
Chromosomes
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Long chains of genes combined with protein
Replicate during cell division so that all daughter
cells inherit an identical copy from parent to child
ATP
ATP
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Glucose is broken down into monosaccharides, the
energy stored from this is called ATP
 Adenosine
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The energy currency
 the
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triphosphate
cells need fuel
Cellular respiration
 Cells
use nutrients in process called cellular respiration
ATP creates energy
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Energy needed in body is stored in phosphate
bonds of ATP molecule
ATP is an RNA nucleotide
High-energy bonds release energy from ATP
molecule
Temporarily losing a phosphate group
After loses becomes an ADP
ADP
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ADP
 Adenosine
diphosphate
Chapter 2………….FINALLY