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GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OXIDATION CITRIC ACID CYCLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION ATP Distinguish between: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE G FERMENTATION COUPLED REACTIONS METABOLISM ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Distinguish between AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC PROCESSES NADH & FADH2 REGULATION OF CELLULAR METABOLISM ATP SYNTHASE Distinguish between: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs after Pyruvate Oxidation: Occurs after Glycolysis: “Sugar breaking.” pyruvate oxidation in cellular respiration. Location: mitochondria Products per molecule glucose: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 glycolysis in cellular respiration. Location: mitochondria Products per molecule glucose: 2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA Location: cytosol Products per molecule glucose: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Occurs in two metabolic processes: cellular respiration and glycolysis Positive G: Reactions could be ATP: Adenine Triphosphate is a Oxidative Phosphorylation: Final described as endergonic and nonspontaneous. Energy is required. nucleic acid that spontaneously breaks to yield ADP and Phosphate Ion. This process releases energy. stage of cellular respiration. Location: Mitochondria (across inner membrane) Consists of Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase. Products per molecule glucose: about 34 ATP Metabolism: The complete set of Coupled Reactions: Two reactions Fermentation: Alternate metabolic chemical reactions for a living organism, involving the change of matter and energy. that are both spontaneous because energy produced by a spontaneous reaction can fuel a non-spontaneous one. path to cellular respiration when oxygen is not present. Fermentation produces 2 ATP molecules while cellular respiration produces about 38 ATP molecules. Fermentation allows for regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis to continue. NADH & FADH2: High energy Aerobic Process: Process that Electron Transport Chain: intermediates that are oxidizing agents. They hold electrons that are eventually discarded in the oxidative phosphorylation step, to allow ATP to be made. requires oxygen to occur. Ex. Cellular respiration NADH & FADH2 give up electrons to power active pumping of H ion through transmembrane proteins from mitrochondrial matrix (location) to intermembrane space (location). This pumping forms a concentration gradient. O2 is the final electron acceptor. Negative G: Reactions could be described as exergonic and spontaneous. Energy is released. Anaerobic Process: Process that does not require oxygen to occur. Ex. Fermentation Oxidation: loss of electrons, ATP Synthase: Trans-membrane Regulation of Cell Metabolism: meaning an oxidized molecule is more positive. (Hint: The tilted ‘x’ in “oxidation” looks like ‘+’.) protein that works passively through chemiosmosis. As H ion moves through the protein from intermembrane space / high H ion concentration to mitochondrial matrix / low H ion concentration, the protein’s parts turn like gears. Each turn results in ADP and Phosphate Ion becoming ATP. Important because if creation of ATP was a one-step process, (1) too much energy would be made at once, harming the cell and (2) there would be too much entropy (hard to regulate process). Metabolism is inhibited by excess products (feedback inhibition), stimulated by excess reactants (like ADP), and controlled in other ways. Reduction: gain of electrons, meaning an oxidized molecule is more negative.