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GLYCOLYSIS
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
ATP
Distinguish between:
POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE G
FERMENTATION
COUPLED REACTIONS
METABOLISM
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
Distinguish between
AEROBIC
and
ANAEROBIC
PROCESSES
NADH & FADH2
REGULATION OF
CELLULAR
METABOLISM
ATP SYNTHASE
Distinguish between:
OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION
Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs after
Pyruvate Oxidation: Occurs after
Glycolysis: “Sugar breaking.”
pyruvate oxidation in cellular
respiration.
Location: mitochondria
Products per molecule glucose: 6
NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2
glycolysis in cellular respiration.
Location: mitochondria
Products per molecule glucose:
2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA
Location: cytosol
Products per molecule glucose: 2
pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Occurs in two metabolic processes:
cellular respiration and
glycolysis
Positive G: Reactions could be
ATP: Adenine Triphosphate is a
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Final
described as endergonic and nonspontaneous. Energy is required.
nucleic acid that spontaneously breaks
to yield ADP and Phosphate Ion. This
process releases energy.
stage of cellular respiration.
Location: Mitochondria (across inner
membrane)
Consists of Electron Transport Chain
and ATP Synthase.
Products per molecule glucose: about
34 ATP
Metabolism: The complete set of
Coupled Reactions: Two reactions
Fermentation: Alternate metabolic
chemical reactions for a living
organism, involving the change of
matter and energy.
that are both spontaneous because
energy produced by a spontaneous
reaction can fuel a non-spontaneous
one.
path to cellular respiration when
oxygen is not present. Fermentation
produces 2 ATP molecules while
cellular respiration produces about 38
ATP molecules. Fermentation allows
for regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis
to continue.
NADH & FADH2: High energy
Aerobic Process: Process that
Electron Transport Chain:
intermediates that are oxidizing
agents. They hold electrons that are
eventually discarded in the oxidative
phosphorylation step, to allow ATP to
be made.
requires oxygen to occur.
Ex. Cellular respiration
NADH & FADH2 give up electrons to
power active pumping of H ion through
transmembrane proteins from
mitrochondrial matrix (location) to
intermembrane space (location). This
pumping forms a concentration
gradient. O2 is the final electron
acceptor.
Negative G: Reactions could be
described as exergonic and
spontaneous. Energy is released.
Anaerobic Process: Process that
does not require oxygen to occur.
Ex. Fermentation
Oxidation: loss of electrons,
ATP Synthase: Trans-membrane
Regulation of Cell Metabolism:
meaning an oxidized molecule is more
positive. (Hint: The tilted ‘x’ in
“oxidation” looks like ‘+’.)
protein that works passively through
chemiosmosis. As H ion moves
through the protein from
intermembrane space / high H ion
concentration to mitochondrial matrix /
low H ion concentration, the protein’s
parts turn like gears. Each turn results
in ADP and Phosphate Ion becoming
ATP.
Important because if creation of ATP was a
one-step process,
(1) too much energy would be made at
once, harming the cell and
(2) there would be too much entropy (hard
to regulate process).
Metabolism is inhibited by excess products
(feedback inhibition), stimulated by excess
reactants (like ADP), and controlled in other
ways.
Reduction: gain of electrons,
meaning an oxidized molecule is more
negative.