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SCIENCE
Num
Type
Question
Answer
Source
1
Heredity
An organism can inherit these characteristics.
traits
6,1,1
2
Ideas
This field of study examines how parents pass on
traits to offspring.
heredity
6,1,1
3
People
This philosopher claimed that the genetic
information from the father transferred to the female
womb.
Aristotle
6,1,1
4
Places
Hippocrates and Aristotle hailed from this ancient
civilization.
Greece
6,1,1
5
People
This scientist published History of Animals and
Generation of Animals, which discussed his theory of
Aristotle
6,1,2
reproduction.
6
People
This Dutch scholar proposed that sperm contained
homunculi.
Nicolaas Hartsoeker
6,1,2
7
Cellular
Structures
This term is Latin for “little man”.
homunculus
6,1,2
8
People
Nicolaas Hartsoeker’s drawings of sperm were based
upon this philosopher’s research.
Aristotle
6,1,2
9
Body Parts
Aristotle’s theory claimed that this fluid transmitted
male genetic information.
blood
6,1,2
10
Body Parts
Aristotle’s theory claimed that females provided this
environment for the growth of children.
the womb
6,1,2
11
Cell Types
This type of “little seedling” congregates in the male
and female reproductive organs at sexual maturity.
gemmule
6,1,3
12
Cell Types
This structure formed the hereditary unit in the
pangenesis theory.
gemmule
6,1,3
13
Ideas
This postulate proposed by Hippocrates explains why
offspring often share traits with their parents.
pangenesis
6,1,3
14
People
This Greek scholar claimed that organs originated
from little seedlings.
Hippocrates
6,1,3
15
Processes
An organism can reproduce at this stage of its life
cycle.
sexual maturity
6,1,3
16
Processes
This term refers to the fusion of gametes.
conception
6,1,3
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17
Ideas
This pre-Mendelian theory claimed that various parts
of parents combine to form parts of offspring.
blending inheritance
6,2,1
18
People
This biologist cross-bred tobacco plants to support
the postulate of pangenesis.
Joseph Kolreuter
6,2,1
19
Plants
Joseph Kolreuter based his genetic crosses upon this
type of plant.
tobacco
6,2,1
20
Ideas
This theory proposed by Charles Darwin uses natural
selection to explain why populations change over
time.
evolution
6,2,2
21
Qualities
This word describes traits that can be passed down
from parents to offspring.
heritable
7,1,1
22
Ideas
This theory pioneered by Mendel studies the
transmission of heritable traits.
genetics
7,1,1
23
People
Aristotle believed that the hereditary line came from
this parent.
the father
6,1,2
24
Processes
In Aristotle's view, the female partner served this role
during reproduction.
providing an environment for the
baby to grow
6,1,2
25
Cell Types
In the 1600s, scientists believed that homunculi were
found in this part of the sperm.
the sperm head
6,1,2
26
Cell Types
Hippocrates believed that each organ in the human
body originated from this element.
a gemmule
6,1,3
27
Processes
The Latin root "genesis" means this word.
birth
6,1,3
28
Qualities
The Latin root "pan" means this word.
whole
6,1,3
29
Organisms
Mendel performed his genetic crosses on this type of
plant.
pea plants
7,1,1
30
Numbers
Gregor Mendel formulated this many heredity laws.
three
7,1,1
31
Places
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace presented their
research to this British organization.
Royal Academy of Science
7,1,2
32
Peoples
These two scientists independently studied evolution
and inheritance in the 19th century.
Darwin and Mendel
7,1,2
33
Cellular
Structures
This heritable factor controls the traits in an
organism.
genes
7,2,1
34
Cellular
Structures
These bundles of DNA and proteins found in cells
carry genetic information.
chromosomes
7,2,2
35
Cellular
Structures
Mendel lacked knowledge of these crucial subcellular
components.
chromosomes
7,2,2
36
Cellular
Structures
These cell organelles contain the cell’s chromosomes.
nuclei
7,2,3
37
Processes
Cells divide through this process.
mitosis
7,2,3
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38
People
This scientist coined the term “mitosis”.
Walther Flemming
7,2,3
39
Ideas
The Greek root "chromo-" has this meaning.
color
7,2,3
40
Ideas
The term "mitosis" has this common meaning.
thread
7,2,3
41
Cellular
Structures
The scientific technique of staining the cell nucleus
with color led to the discovery of this cellular
component.
chromosomes
7,2,3
42
People
These three scientists contributed to the discovery of
chromosomes.
Eduard Strasburger, Edouard van
Beneden, and Walther Flemming
7,2,3
43
Ideas
During Darwin's era, this theory was the leading
concept of inheritance.
blending inheritance
6,2,1
44
People
In 1847, Mendel started working at this type of job.
ordained minister
6,2,2
45
Places
Mendel first served as a minister at a monastery in
this Hungarian city.
Brno
6,2,2
46
People
This scientist studied genetic crosses during the
1760s.
Joseph Kolreuter
6,2,1
47
People
Before becoming a minister, Gregor Mendel held this
employment.
substitute teacher
6,2,2
48
Processes
Mendel became an ordained minister after this event.
failing his teaching licensing exam
6,2,2
49
Numbers
Mendel worked on his pea plant experiments for
approximately this many years.
20
7,1,1
50
Numbers
Mendel fertilized approximately this many pea plants
during his genetics experiments.
30000
7,1,1
51
Lab
Equipment
Gregor Mendel made this scientific breakthrough in
1866.
first publication
7,2,1
52
Cellular
Structures
Mendel's theory was initially widely ignored because
scientists had not yet discovered this cellular
component.
chromosomes
7,2,2
53
Places
Alfred Russel Wallace came from this country.
Great Britain
7,1,2
54
People
These two scientists presented their independent
evolution research publicly in 1858.
Darwin and Wallace
7,1,2
55
Ideas
Scientists rediscovered Mendel’s and Darwin’s
theories in the period before this war.
World War I
7,2,4
56
Ideas
This scientific field underwent its major period of
development from 1900 to 1914.
genetics
7,2,4
57
Qualities
Cross-breeding results in this type of organism.
hybrid
7,2,5
58
Qualities
These four capabilities distinguish independent living
organisms.
growth, reproduction,
homeostasis, and response to
stimuli
7,2,6
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59
People
These two scientists proved that chromosomes
separate according to Mendel’s findings.
Walter Sutton and Theodor
Boveri
7,2,6
60
People
In 1900, three published scientific papers highlighted
the rediscovery of this scientist’s work.
Gregor Mendel
7,2,5
61
People
These three scientists first confirmed Mendel's
principles of inheritance in the 20th century.
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and
Erich von Tschermak
7,2,5
62
Cellular
Structures
In 1878, this structure containing units of genetic
information was discovered.
chromosomes
7,2,6
63
Processes
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri studied this part
of the cell cycle.
meiosis
7,2,7
64
Heredity
This link connects Domains Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya.
a common ancestor
8,1,1
65
Cellular
Structures
These genes are likely to be inherited together
because of their proximity on chromosomes.
linked genes
8,1,2
66
Processes
This process describes the interaction of genes in
their physical expression.
epistasis
8,1,2
67
Cellular
Structures
These chromosomes determine the gender of an
organism.
sex chromosomes
8,1,2
68
Heredity
These traits are associated with the gender of
organisms.
sex-linked traits
8,1,2
69
Ideas
This Mendelian law of inheritance states that alleles
pair separately during the formation of gametes.
law of independent assortment
8,1,2
70
People
This embryologist coined the term “genetics”.
William Bateson
8,1,2
71
People
This embryologist discovered that some traits are
sex-linked.
Edmund Wilson
8,1,2
72
Cellular
Structures
Human females possess this set of sex chromosomes.
XX
8,1,2
73
Cellular
Structures
Human males possess this set of sex chromosomes.
XY
8,1,2
74
Ideas
Sex-linked traits do not follow this law of inheritance.
law of independent assortment
8,1,2
75
Ideas
This term means “to give birth”.
genno
8,1,2
76
People
This physician described the first genetic disease.
Archibald Garrod
8,1,3
77
Molecules
This organic compound is the basis of proteins.
amino acid
8,2,1
78
Qualities
This type of allele is expressed in a homozygous,
never heterozygous, organism.
recessive
8,2,1
79
Cellular
Structures
The first description of any genetic disease described
a lack of this substance.
enzyme
8,2,1
80
Heredity
These groups of organisms are capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
species
8,2,2
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81
Organisms
Thomas Morgan performed his genetic crosses on
this type of animal.
fruit flies
8,2,2
82
People
This scientist found the first cytological evidence that
chromosomes are independently assorted.
Estella Carothers
8,2,2
83
Ideas
Animals, fungi, and plants belong to this scientific
domain.
Eukarya
8,Figure 2
84
Ideas
Chloroplasts belong to this domain of life.
Bacteria
8,Figure 2
85
Ideas
Methanococcus and thermococcus belong to this
Archaea
8,Figure 2
domain of life.
86
Ideas
Slime molds belong to this domain of life.
Eukarya
8,Figure 2
87
Ideas
Halophiles belong to this domain of life.
Archaea
8,Figure 2
88
Places
The embryologist William Bateson came from this
country.
Great Britain
8,1,2
89
Cellular
Structures
William Bateson and Reginald Punnett discovered
these two types of genes.
linked genes and epistatic genes
8,1,2
90
Places
The embryologists Nettie Stevens and Edmund
Wilson came from this country.
the United States
8,1,2
91
People
These two embryologists discovered differences in
the chromosome makeup of the two sexes.
Nettie Stevens and Edmund
Wilson
8,1,2
92
Processes
Archibald Garrod described a disease in which the
lack of a specific enzyme led to this consequence.
reduction in amino acid
metabolism
8,1,3
93
Organsims
Thomas Morgan studied this species of fly.
Drosophila melanogaster
8,2,2
94
Qualities
Thomas Morgan studied this trait in fruit flies.
eye color
8,2,2
95
Qualities
Thomas Morgan used white-eyed flies of this gender
in his research.
male
8,2,2
96
Heredity
Thomas Morgan’s research on fruit flies concerned
these traits.
sex-linked traits
8,2,2
97
People
Alfred Sturtevant’s linkage maps were based on this
scientist’s research on inheritance.
Gregor Mendel
8,2,2
98
Ideas
This field of study concerns cells and their structure
and function.
cytology
9,1,1
99
Organisms
Estella Carothers conducted research on these
animals.
grasshoppers
9,1,1
100
People
Alfred Sturtevant studied under this genetics
researcher.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
8,2,2
101
Ideas
Alfred Sturtevant pioneered this type of genetic
modeling in 1913.
linkage mapping
8,2,2
102
Ideas
In 1913, scientists discovered the first cytological
evidence of this Mendelian law.
the law of independent
assortment
8,2,2
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103
Ideas
This term refers to the current scientific consensus
on the process of evolution.
modern synthesis
9,1,2
104
People
R. A. Fisher’s work synthesized the theories of these
two scientists.
Gregor Mendel and Charles
Darwin
9,1,2
105
Ideas
The modern synthesis on evolution combined these
two fields.
genetics and evolution
9,1,2
106
People
These three scientists’ work created the modern
synthesis on evolution.
R.A. Fisher, Sewall Wright, and J.
B. S. Haldane
9,1,2
107
Ideas
This social theory applied the idea of the “survival of
the fittest” to nations and peoples.
social Darwinism
9,1,3
108
Ideas
This movement advocates artificial selection to
improve the human race.
eugenics
9,1,3
109
Ideas
This field of study examines allele frequency and
change in a population of organisms.
population genetics
9,1,3
110
Ideas
In the late 19th century, this interdisciplinary theory
of evolution and sociology emerged.
social Darwinism
9,1,3
111
Ideas
R. A. Fisher favored eugenics for this purpose.
achieving purity and supremacy
among certain populations
9,1,3
112
People
This scientist’s work posed the first major challenge
to eugenics.
Thomas Morgan
9,1,3
113
Ideas
Eugenics was used as a justification for acts of this
sort during World War II.
genocide
9,1,3
114
People
This scientist presented the first paper reconciling
genetics and evolutionary theory in 1918.
R.A. Fisher
9,1,2
115
Ideas
Thomas Morgan challenged eugenics by proving that
this factor could influence fruit fly genetics.
the environment
9,1,3
116
Ideas
Most recent biological discoveries have occurred
because of progress in this area.
technology
9,1,4
117
Lab
Equipment
This technical instrument was critical to
advancements in 20th century biology.
microscope
9,1,4
118
Ideas
This domain includes organisms whose cells contain
membrane-enclosed structures.
Domain Eukarya
9,1,5
119
Ideas
This domain includes prokaryotic microorganisms.
Domain Bacteria
9,1,5
120
Ideas
This domain includes prokaryotic cells that live in
extreme environments.
Domain Archaea
9,1,5
121
Numbers
There are about this many identified species on
Earth.
1.8 million
9,1,5
122
Numbers
The human body contains roughly this many cells.
50 trillion
9,1,5
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123
Cell Types
These organisms outnumber cells twenty to one in
the human body.
microbes
9,1,5
124
Cell Types
These structures are the basic units of life.
cells
9,2,1
125
Ideas
This field of study defines and names groups of
organisms.
taxonomy
9,2,1
126
People
This 19th century naturalist classified nature into
animals, vegetables, and minerals.
Carolus Linnaeus
9,2,1
127
Ideas
This theory formulated by Schleiden, Schwann, and
Virchow describes the properties of the basic unit of
life.
cell theory
9,2,2
128
Ideas
Linnaeus’s classification excluded these two Domains.
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
9,2,1
129
People
This scientist is called “the father of taxonomy”.
Carolus Linnaeus
9,2,1
130
Lab
Equipment
Scientists use this instrument to see objects too
small for the naked eye.
microscope
9,2,2
131
People
This scientist discovered and named the cell.
Robert Hooke
9,2,2
132
Plants
Hooke discovered cells when he observed this plant
under a microscope.
cork
9,2,2
133
People
This scientist was the first to see live cells under a
microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
9,2,2
134
People
This botanist discovered and named the nucleus.
Robert Brown
9,2,2
135
People
This botanist concluded that all plant parts are made
of cells.
Matthias Schleiden
9,2,2
136
People
This physiologist named the cells that sheath nerve
fibers.
Theodor Schwann
9,2,2
137
People
This scientist is called “the father of modern
pathology”.
Rudolf Virchow
9,2,2
138
Lab
Equipment
This part of a microscope magnifies subjects.
lens
9,2,2
139
People
Robert Brown presented his discovery of the nucleus
to this British organization.
Linnean Society of London
9,2,2
140
People
These three scientists are credited with developing
cell theory.
Matthias Schleiden, Theodor
Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow
9,2,2
141
People
This physician was the first to associate
microorganisms with infectious diseases.
Robert Koch
9,2,3
142
Organisms
The bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes this disease.
anthrax
9,2,3
143
Ideas
This 1925 treaty prohibited the use of chemical and
biological weapons.
Geneva Protocol
9,2,3
144
Qualities
This army was accused of deploying biological and
chemical weapons during World War I.
German
9,2,3
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145
Qualities
The naturalist Carolus Linnaeus was of this
nationality.
Swedish
9,2,1
146
Numbers
Carolus Linnaeus originally proposed this many
kingdoms of life.
three
9,2,1
147
Organisms
Anton von Leeuwenhoek gathered live cells from this
source.
pond water
9,2,2
148
Cell Types
Van Leeuwenhoek described these four types of cells
during the 1670s.
algal cells, protozoan cells,
mammalian cells, and bacterial
cells
9,2,2
149
People
Robert Brown studied the cell nucleus in the
drawings of this scientist.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
9,2,2
150
People
This German botanist was the first to propose that
the cell nucleus plays a part in cellular reproduction.
Matthias Schleiden
9,2,2
151
Cellular
Structures
Cell theory states that all modern cells arise from
this source.
pre-existing cells
9,2,2
152
People
This scientist was the first to identify the bacterium
anthrax.
Robert Koch
9,2,3
153
People
These two scientists synthesized simple biological
molecules under conditions imitating those of the
early earth.
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
9,2,4
154
Numbers
Life on Earth evolved roughly this many years ago.
3.8 billion
9,2,4
155
People
These two scientists conducted their early-Earth
experiments in the 1950s.
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
9,2,4
156
Molecules
The bi-layered plasma membrane is comprised of
these molecules.
phospholipids
10,1,1
157
Cellular
Structures
Early cells featured nucleic acids enclosed within this
zone.
a plasma membrane
10,1,1
158
Cellular
Structures
The root "karyo" means this word.
nucleus
10,2,1
159
Cellular
Structures
The structures inside prokaryotic cells are not
enclosed by this form.
a membrane
10,2,1
160
Cellular
Structures
DNA in prokaryotic cells clusters in this region.
the nucleoid
10,2,1
161
Ideas
Prokaryotes are grouped into these two domains of
life.
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
10,2,1
162
Molecules
This biological molecule is the basis of the nucleic
acid.
nucleotide
10,1,1
163
Cellular
Structures
These types of cells are considered the first primitive
cells.
prokaryotic cells
10,1,1
164
Molecules
This type of lipid forms the lipid bilayer of a plasma
membrane.
phospholipid
10,1,1
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165
Molecules
This type of biological molecule, made of nucleotides,
includes DNA and RNA.
nucleic acid
10,1,1
166
Cellular
Structures
This single-stranded biological structure codes for,
regulates, and expresses genes.
RNA
10,1,1
167
Molecules
This compound has the formula CH4.
methane
10,1,1
168
Molecules
This compound has the formula NH3.
ammonia
10,1,1
169
Molecules
Cellular respiration produces this waste molecule.
carbon dioxide
10,1,1
170
Molecules
This substance is the gaseous phase of water.
water vapor
10,1,1
171
Ideas
This environmental condition provided nutrients
necessary for supporting the first forms of life.
primitive atmosphere
10,1,1
172
Qualities
These types of cells were the first form of life.
prokaryotic
10,1,1
173
Cellular
Structures
Predecessors of prokaryotes contained these two
components.
plasma membrane and nucleic
acids
10,1,1
174
Cellular
Structures
These types of primitive cells have no nuclei.
prokaryotic cells
10,2,1
175
Cellular
Structures
This double-stranded biological structure encodes
genetic information.
DNA
10,2,2
176
Cellular
Structures
This region of the cell contains genetic information.
nucleoid
10,2,2
177
Cellular
Structures
These structures help prokaryotes to swim.
flagella
11,1,1
178
Cellular
Structures
Chloroplasts contain this green pigment.
chlorophyll
11,1,1
179
Cell Types
This type of bacteria has been the most extensively
studied in scientific research.
eubacteria
11,1,1
180
Cell Types
This type of bacteria possesses chlorophyll and can
carry out photosynthesis.
cyanobacteria
11,1,1
181
Qualities
These types of cells evolved long after the first forms
of life developed on Earth.
eukaryotic
11,1,1
182
Cellular
Structures
This set contains all the genetic information for a
species.
genome
11,2,1
183
Cellular
Structures
These cellular compartments perform specific
functions in eukaryotes.
organelles
11,1,2
184
Qualities
This type of cell contains a nucleus.
eukaryotic
11,1,2
185
Cell Types
These fertilized eggs take half their genome from
each of their parents.
zygotes
11,2,1
186
Cell Types
Hot springs most likely contain this type of bacteria.
archaeabacteria
11,1,1
187
Cellular
Structures
Bacterial flagella most resemble this animal part.
the tail
11,1,1
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188
Numbers
Most human cells contain about this many genes.
22,000
11,2,2
189
Numbers
The human adult body contains approximately this
many different cell types.
260
12,1,1
190
Percentages
Human bone cells develop using approximately this
percentage of genes in the entire human genome.
5%
11,2,2
191
Cell Types
These types of zygotic cells have not yet
differentiated.
stem cells
11,2,1
192
Ideas
This level of the taxonomic hierarchy contains
Animalia.
kingdom
11,2,1
193
Numbers
Stem cells may develop into approximately this many
different types of cells.
260
12,1,1
194
Organisms
This type of eukaryotic microorganism lives mostly
in liquid environments.
protist
11,2,1
195
Organisms
This type of eukaryote decomposes organic matter.
fungus
11,2,1
196
Ideas
Domain Eukarya consists of these four kingdoms.
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
Animalia
11,2,1
197
Qualities
These three types of adult cells result from genes
turned on during the growth and development stage.
bone, pancreatic, and brain
11,2,2
198
Molecules
These macromolecules consist of only carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
carbohydrates
12,1,1
199
Molecules
This type of sugar always contains carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
carbohydrates
12,1,1
200
Molecules
These macromolecules include fats, waxes, and
sterols.
lipids
12,1,1
201
Molecules
These macromolecules consist of one or more chains
of amino acids.
proteins
12,1,1
202
Qualities
This type of compound lacks a dipole.
nonpolar
12,1,2
203
Qualities
This type of compound does not dissolve in water.
hydrophobic
12,1,2
204
Molecules
These four major biological molecules are essential
for survival.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids
12,1,2
205
Cellular
Structures
This aqueous medium contains a cell’s organelles.
cytoplasm
12,2,1
206
Organisms
This type of substance includes sulfides, oxides,
carbonates, and phosphates.
mineral
12,2,2
207
Organisms
This type of ionic compound results from the
neutralization of an acid and a base.
salt
12,2,2
208
Organisms
Organisms require this type of organic compound in
limited amounts as nutrients.
vitamin
12,2,2
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209
Molecules
These biological molecules help shape the physical
barriers that separate the compartments in cells.
lipids
12,2,2
210
Organisms
These three trace substances are found in the
cytoplasm.
minerals, salts, and vitamins
12,2,2
211
Processes
The cellular plasma membrane carries out these two
functions.
bordering the cell and
maintaining a constant internal
environment
12,1,2
212
Qualities
Lipid molecules react in this manner to water.
hydrophobic (cannot be
dissolved)
12,2,2
213
Molecules
These macromolecules are called the "energy-storing
molecules".
carbohydrates
12,2,2
214
Molecules
These macromolecules are the "workers inside the
cell".
proteins
12,2,2
215
Cellular
Structures
Both animal and plant cells contain this storage
organelle.
vacuole
12,Figure 5
216
Cellular
Structures
Both animal and plant cells may contain these
energy-creating organelles.
mitochondria
12,Figure 5
217
Qualities
Bacterial plasmids possess this regenerative ability.
self-replication
12,2,2
218
Qualities
This term refers to a molecule that is attracted to
water.
hydrophilic
12,2,3
219
Qualities
This term refers to a molecule that is repelled by
water.
hydrophobic
12,2,3
220
Molecules
This type of acid has a long tail that can be saturated
or unsaturated.
fatty acid
12,2,3
221
Molecules
The “head” of a phospholipid contains this type of
molecule.
phosphates
12,2,3
222
Molecules
The “tail” of a phospholipid contains this type of
molecule.
fatty acids
12,2,3
223
Qualities
The “head” of a phospholipid displays this behavior
toward water.
hydrophilic
12,2,3
224
Qualities
The “tail” of a phospholipid displays this behavior
toward water.
hydrophobic
12,2,3
225
Cellular
Structures
This fluid portion of the cytoplasm does not include
subcellular organelles.
cytosol
12,2,4
226
Qualities
This type of membrane allows some substances to
pass through by diffusion.
semi-permeable
12,2,4
227
Molecules
These communication macromolecules are embedded
in a cell’s phospholipid bilayer.
proteins
12,2,4
228
Qualities
The plasma membrane is categorized as this type of
barrier.
semi-permeable
12,2,4
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Numbers
Each plasma membrane phospholipid has this many
"tails".
two
12,2,3
230
Qualities
The "tails" of the phospholipid molecules are found
in this part of the plasma membrane.
in the middle of the double layer
12,2,3
231
Cellular
Structures
In an aqueous solution, bilayered phospholipids may
form this organelle.
vacuole
12,2,3
232
Molecules
This type of macromolecule serves as gates, tunnels,
or pumps between the interior and exterior of the
cell.
proteins
12,2,4
233
Cellular
Structures
The majority of cellular activities take place in this
space.
cytoplasm
12,2,5
234
Molecules
These lipids with attached carbohydrates provide
energy and serve as cellular markers.
glycolipids
13,1,1
235
Cellular
Structures
These proteins adhere only temporarily to the cell
membrane.
peripheral proteins
13,1,1
236
Molecules
These spherical proteins are partially water-soluble.
globular proteins
13,1,1
237
Numbers
Prokaryotes contain approximately this many genes.
a few thousand
13,1,2
238
Qualities
The prokaryotic DNA molecule takes this shape.
circular
13,1,2
239
Cellular
Structures
This component of ribosomes provides the
information for protein synthesis.
ribosomal RNA
13,1,1
240
Cellular
Structures
Ribosomes contain these two components.
ribosomal RNA and proteins
13,1,3
241
Processes
Ribosomes perform this function.
produce proteins
13,1,3
242
Processes
Bacterial plasmids perform this function.
carry beneficial genes
13,1,4
243
Cellular
Structures
Plasmid DNA does not interact with this type of
DNA.
chromosomal DNA in the
nucleoid
13,1,4
244
Cell Types
Bacterial plasmids can transmit between these
distinct types of bacteria.
inter-species bacteria
13,1,4
245
Cellular
Structures
This mixture of peptides and carbohydrates makes
up prokaryotic cell walls.
peptidoglycan
13,1,5
246
Processes
The prokaryotic cell wall performs this function.
protection of the cell from
changes in its environment
13,1,5
247
Cellular
Structures
These short, fine appendages permit microbes to
adhere to solid surfaces.
pili
13,2,1
248
Qualities
This term refers to a material that has many empty
spaces.
porous
13,2,1
249
Cell
Structures
Capsules are often found in this part of the bacteria.
outside the cell wall
13,2,1
250
Qualities
This quality of the prokaryotic cell wall allows
nutrients to enter the cell.
porosity
13,2,1
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Molecules
The bacterial capsule consists of these sorts of
molecules.
polysaccharides
13,2,1
252
Cellular
Structures
The bacterial capsule allows bacteria to attach to
these surfaces.
membranes of infected cells
13,2,1
253
Body Parts
The bacterial capsule protects bacteria from this
attacker.
the host’s immune system
13,2,1
254
Molecules
Prokaryotic appendages consist of these molecules.
proteins
13,2,2
255
Cellular
Structures
This word is another name for pili.
fimbriae
13,2,2
256
Cellular
Structures
These prokaryotic appendages do not aid in cell
motility.
pili
13,2,2
257
Cellular
Structures
These organelles carry out protein synthesis.
ribosomes
14,1,1
258
Cellular
Structures
The cytoskeleton includes these three structures.
microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules
14,1,1
259
Processes
Compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells creates this
evolutionary advantage.
increases efficiency
14,1,1
260
Cellular
Structures
These three distinct components make up a
eukaryotic cell.
outer barrier, internal
membranous structures, and
fluid-filled space
14,1,2
261
Cellular
Structures
These two sets of internal eukaryotic structures are
not membrane-bound.
ribosomes and cytoskeletal
elements
14,1,2
262
Cellular
Structures
Ribosomes are found in these two locations within
the cell.
the cytoplasm and on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
14,Figure 7
263
Cellular
Structures
These regions at the ends of chromatids protect
them from deterioration.
telomeres
15,1,1
264
Numbers
Each chromosome contains this many chromatids.
two
15,Figure 8
265
Numbers
Each chromosome contains this many centromeres.
one
15,Figure 8
266
Numbers
Each chromosome contains this many telomeres.
four
15,Figure 8
267
Numbers
Each human somatic cell contains this many
chromosomes.
46
16,1,1
268
Cellular
Structures
Eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes, all contain this
structure.
centrally located, membranebound nucleus
15,2,2
269
Cell Types
This term refers to all normal body cells apart from
eggs and sperm.
somatic cells
16,1,1
270
Cellular
Structures
Ribosomal RNA is manufactured in these nucleic
structures.
nucleoli
16,1,2
271
Processes
This process is the second step of protein
production.
translation
16,1,2
272
Numbers
Ribosomes contain approximately this many protein
types.
70
16,1,3
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Cellular
Structures
This organelle forms an interconnected network of
membrane vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum
16,1,4
274
Qualities
Ribosomes are classified into these two types.
free-floating and attached to
rough ER
16,1,4
275
Cellular
Structures
Proteins made on free-floating ribosomes perform
their work in this location.
cytoplasm
16,1,4
276
Cellular
Structures
Proteins made on rough ER ribosomes travel through
this network.
endomembrane system
16,1,4
277
Cellular
Structures
The endomembrane system consists of these four
elements.
nuclear envelope, rough and
smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, and
vesicles
16,2,1
278
Cellular
Structures
These membranous sacs form part of the
endomembrane system.
transport vesicles
16,2,1
279
Qualities
The endoplasmic reticulum is classified into these
two types.
smooth and rough
16,2,1
280
Cellular
Structures
This type of endoplasmic reticulum is studded with
ribosomes.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
16,2,2
281
Cellular
Structures
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named due to
these surface components.
ribosomes
16,2,2
282
Cellular
Structures
This organelle is the first structure in the
endomembrane system following protein assembly.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
16,2,2
283
Processes
This process excretes particles from the cell.
exocytosis
16,2,3
284
Cellular
Structures
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from this
organelle.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
16,2,3
285
Cellular
Structures
These organelles break down waste materials.
lysosomes
16,2,3
286
Processes
This process requires a waste-bearing vesicle to fuse
with the plasma membrane.
exocytosis
16,2,3
287
Cellular
Structures
This organelle packages proteins before they are sent
to their destinations.
Golgi apparatus
16,1,6
288
Processes
Non-cytosolic proteins may be processed in one of
these three ways.
sent to membranes, sent to
organelles, or secreted out of the
cell
16,1,5
289
Processes
The cell engulfs particles during this process.
endocytosis
16,2,4
290
Processes
Lysosomes destroy the cell’s aged structures during
this process.
autophagy
16,2,4
291
Cellular
Structures
These plant cell organelles perform the function of
lysosomes in animal cells.
central vacuoles
16,2,4
292
Processes
A cell may break down and recycle its organelles
through this process.
autophagy
16,2,4
293
Ideas
This term means to “split”.
lyse
16,2,4
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Cellular
Structures
Central vacuoles in plants perform a role similar to
these organelles in animals.
lysosomes
16,2,4
295
Cellular
Structures
Vesicles originate in this cellular system.
endomembrane system
16,2,5
296
Cellular
Structures
These three organelles make vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, and plasma membrane
16,2,6
297
Processes
The plasma membrane makes vesicles during this
process.
endocytosis
16,2,6
298
Cellular
Structures
This type of endoplasmic reticulum contains no
ribosomes and synthesizes fats and carbohydrates.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
16,2,7
299
Molecules
This type of substance prevents and destroys pests.
pesticide
17,1,1
300
Molecules
This type of poisonous substance is produced within
living cells or organisms.
toxin
17,1,1
301
Molecules
Smooth ER synthesizes these three molecules.
lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates
17,1,1
302
Molecules
Smooth ER breaks down this type of substance.
toxin
17,1,1
303
Cellular
Structures
These large cytoskeletal elements provide structural
support.
microtubules
17,1,2
304
Cellular
Structures
These structures segregate chromosomes between
daughter cells during mitosis.
spindle fibers
17,1,3
305
Cellular
Structures
These organelles project outward from the cell body
in eukaryotes.
cilia
17,1,3
306
Cellular
Structures
This term is the singular of cilia.
cilium
17,1,3
307
Molecules
Cytoskeletal elements are made of these molecules.
proteins
17,1,3
308
Ideas
This term describes cell movement.
motility
17,1,3
309
Cellular
Structures
These mid-sized cytoskeletal elements stabilize
organelles.
intermediate filaments
17,1,4
310
Cellular
Structures
These thin cytoskeletal elements provide shape and
motility.
microfilaments
17,2,2
311
Processes
Cells “eat” substances from their external
environment during this process.
phagocytosis
17,2,2
312
Processes
Cells “drink” substances from their external
environment during this process.
pinocytosis
17,2,2
313
Organisms
These protozoans are shapeless unicellular
organisms.
amoebas
17,2,2
314
Qualities
Centrioles are only found in this type of cell.
animal
17,2,2
315
Cellular
Structures
These paired organelles duplicate before mitosis and
move to opposite poles of the cell.
centrioles
17,2,3
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Cellular
Structures
Centrioles are composed of bundles of these
structures during cell division.
microtubule triplets
17,2,3
317
Cellular
Structures
These organelles help to organize microtubules.
centrosomes
17,2,3
318
Body Parts
This tube connects the pharynx and larynx to the
lungs.
trachea
17,2,3
319
Body Parts
These tubes lead from the ovaries to the uterus.
fallopian tubes
17,2,3
320
Cellular
Structures
Cilia and flagella are external projections of this
organelle.
plasma membrane
17,2,3
321
Processes
Cilia and flagella achieve motility by carrying out this
microtubule movement.
sliding
17,2,3
322
Processes
This chemical reaction within cells sustains life.
metabolism
17,2,4
323
Organisms
Chloroplasts are only found in these two types of
organisms.
plants and photosynthetic protists
17,2,4
324
Processes
This process converts light energy into chemical
energy in autotrophs.
photosynthesis
17,2,5
325
Processes
This cellular process converts biochemical energy
into ATP.
cellular respiration
17,2,5
326
Cellular
Structures
These organelles carry out cellular respiration.
mitochondria
17,2,5
327
Molecules
This molecule acts as cells’ main energy source.
ATP
17,2,5
328
Cellular
Structures
These plant organelles carry out photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
17,2,5
329
Ideas
This theory claims that symbiotic prokaryotes
evolved into chloroplasts and mitochondria.
endosymbiosis
18,1,1
330
Ideas
This theory claims that eukaryotes ingested small
prokaryotes to form complex organelles.
endosymbiosis
18,1,1
331
Cellular
Structures
This type of eukaryotic organelle produces hydrogen
peroxide through beta-oxidation.
peroxisome
18,1,1
332
Qualities
This type of pressure exerted by central vacuoles
gives plant cells shape.
turgor
18,1,2
333
Cellular
Structures
This plant cell organelle is responsible for storing
waste products, maintaining pressure, and
maintaining cell growth.
the central vacuole
18,1,2
334
Cellular
Structures
This type of vesicle forms around particles absorbed
by phagocytosis.
Phagosome
18,1,2
335
Qualities
The DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts has this
shape.
circular
18,1,2
336
Numbers
This number of membranes surrounds mitochondria
and chloroplasts.
two
18,1,2
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Cellular
Structures
Mitochondria and chloroplasts still contain these
organelles found in modern prokaryotes.
ribosomes
18,1,2
338
Cellular
Structures
Turgor pressure helps to support this plant
structure.
the cell wall
18,1,3
339
Cellular
Structures
This type of vacuole eliminates excess water and
maintains a salt balance.
contractile vacuole
18,1,3
340
Cellular
Structures
Chromosomes form these paired structures before
mitosis.
sister chromatids
18,2,1
341
Numbers
DNA replication in a cell results in this many sister
chromatids.
92
18,2,2
342
Cellular
Structures
These structures act, in a sense, as a monorail for
organelles.
cytoskeletal elements
18,2,3
343
Cellular
Structures
These cytoskeletal elements distribute chromosomes
during mitosis.
microtubules
18,2,3
344
Cellular
Structures
These structures divide the cytoplasm after mitosis.
membrane or cell wall
19,1,3
345
Processes
Prokaryotes reproduce through this process.
binary fission
19,1,4
346
Processes
This term describes reproduction that requires only
one parent.
asexual reproduction
19,1,4
347
Qualities
This term refers to a species whose last individual
has died.
extinct
19,1,4
348
Processes
This process passes down the genetic legacy of a
species.
reproduction
19,1,4
349
Qualities
Reproduction is classified into these two types.
asexual or sexual
19,1,4
350
Qualities
DNA transferred by binary fission takes this shape.
circular
19,2,1
351
Cellular
Structures
DNA transferred by binary fission is not enclosed by
this structure.
nuclear envelope
19,2,1
352
Numbers
Binary fission produces this number of offspring.
two
19,2,1
353
Processes
Binary fission is part of this category of
reproduction.
asexual reproduction
19,2,1
354
Processes
This term describes reproduction that combines
genes from two parents.
sexual reproduction
19,2,3
355
Qualities
These two conditions are necessary for cell division
in prokaryotes.
right temperature and abundant
nutrients
19,2,3
356
Numbers
Bacteria are capable of dividing in this many
minutes.
20
19,2,3
357
Processes
Prokaryotes reproduce sexually through this process.
transferring genes between each
other
19,2,3
358
Cellular
Structures
Chromosomes in eukaryotes are enclosed in this
structure.
nuclear envelope
20,1,1
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Processes
Eukaryotes reproduce asexually through this process.
mitosis
20,1,2
360
Processes
In this type of asexual reproduction, a new organism
develops from an outgrowth on another organism.
budding
20,1,3
361
Processes
Reproduction by budding produces this number of
offspring.
one
20,1,3
362
Processes
Cells divide to give rise to a new body or body parts
through this process.
regeneration
20,1,3
363
Processes
The eukaryotic cell cycle begins with this process.
synthesis of molecules
20,1,3
364
Processes
The eukaryotic cell cycle ends with this process.
formation of two daughter cells
20,1,3
365
Processes
This series of events results in a cell’s duplication.
cell cycle
20,1,4
366
Percentages
A cell spends this percentage of its time in
interphase.
90%
20,1,4
367
Processes
The cell cycle consists of these two stages.
interphase and mitosis
20,1,4
368
Numbers
The cell cycle takes approximately this many hours
to complete.
20-24
20,1,4
369
Processes
Chromosomes can be seen under the microscope in
this phase of the cell cycle.
mitosis
20,1,4
370
Ideas
This prefix means “cell”.
cyto
20,1,4
371
Ideas
This prefix means to “move”.
kine
20,1,4
372
Processes
This process following mitosis involves cytoplasmic
division.
cytokinesis
20,1,5
373
Ideas
Each cell cycle in unicellular eukaryotes produces this
result.
a new generation
20,1,5
374
Processes
The “S” of the S phase stands for this term.
synthesis
20,2,1
375
Processes
Cells perform this action before and after the S
phase.
synthesize other molecules
20,2,1
376
Processes
The cell synthesizes RNA and proteins in this stage
of interphase.
G1 phase
20,2,2
377
Processes
Chromosomes double in this stage of interphase.
S phase
20,2,2
378
Processes
Subcellular organelles are assembled in this stage of
interphase.
G2 phase
20,2,2
379
Body Parts
This control mechanism verifies processes at each
phase of the cell cycle.
checkpoint
20,2,2
380
Molecules
These molecules connect two sister chromatids.
adhesive proteins
20,2,2
381
Processes
Prophase is divided into these two stages.
early prophase and late prophase
20,2,3
382
Cellular
Structures
These structures connect two sister chromatids.
centromeres
20,2,4
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Processes
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes in
this phase of mitosis.
prophase
20,2,6
384
Processes
Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane in this
phase of mitosis.
metaphase
20,2,6
385
Processes
This phase is the second stage of mitosis.
metaphase
20,2,6
386
Processes
Sister chromatids separate in this phase of mitosis.
anaphase
20,2,6
387
Processes
This phase is the third stage of mitosis.
anaphase
20,2,6
388
Processes
Sister chromatids move toward opposite sides of the
cell in this phase of mitosis.
anaphase
20,2,6
389
Processes
Daughter chromosomes form two new nuclei in this
phase of mitosis.
telophase
20,2,6
390
Cellular
Structures
This combination of DNA and proteins makes up the
nucleus of a cell.
chromatin
20,2,7
391
Cellular
Structures
This protein complex serves as an attachment site for
spindle fibers.
kinetochore
21,2,1
392
Cellular
Structures
Centrosomes migrate toward these locations during
prophase.
poles
21,2,1
393
Cellular
Structures
These structures help push centrosomes.
spindle microtubules
21,2,1
394
Cellular
Structures
The nuclear envelope disintegrates into these
structures during prophase.
vesicles
21,2,1
395
Cellular
Structures
These spindle microtubules elongate the cell.
polar microtubules
22,1,1
396
Cellular
Structures
This structure is an imaginary plane about halfway
between the spindle poles.
metaphase plate
22,1,1
397
Processes
Anaphase begins with this event.
deactivation of adhesive proteins
between sister chromatids
22,1,1
398
Cellular
Structures
This indentation of the cell surface indicates the
beginning of cytokinesis.
cleavage furrow
22,2,1
399
Cellular
Structures
This partition separates the two daughter cells in
plant cell division.
cell plate
22,2,1
400
Cellular
Structures
This compound is the structural component of cell
walls.
cellulose
22,2,1
401
Cellular
Structures
These two structures disintegrate at the end of
telophase.
spindle microtubules and
centrosomes
22,2,1
402
Processes
Cellular membranes constrict and form two separate
cells through this process.
cleavage
22,2,2
403
Ideas
Sexual reproduction provides this advantage over
asexual reproduction.
variation through gene shuffling
22,2,2
404
Processes
Asexual reproduction would slow this evolutionary
process.
natural selection
22,2,2
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Percentages
This percentage of eukaryotic organisms practice
sexual reproduction.
99.9%
22,2,2
406
Numbers
Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes evolved
approximately this many years ago.
2 billion
22,2,3
407
Processes
This non-random process changes the frequency of
traits in a population.
natural selection
22,2,4
408
Processes
This process that takes place in all forms of cellular
reproduction involves copying genetic material.
duplication
23,1,1
409
Cell Types
These cells give rise to gametes.
germ cells
23,1,1
410
Processes
Germ cells divide and mature into gametes through
this process.
meiosis
23,1,1
411
Qualities
Some asexually reproducing organisms switch to
sexual reproduction under this condition.
a hostile or unpredictable
environment
23,1,1
412
Qualities
This word describes a diploid multicellular eukaryote
in the earliest stage of development.
embryonic
23,1,2
413
Processes
The reproductive system performs this function
during fertilization.
fusion of two gametes
23,1,2
414
Processes
This feature is common to all types of cellular
reproduction.
duplication of genetic material
23,1,2
415
Cell Types
These immature germ cells are male.
spermatogonia
23,2,1
416
Cell Types
These immature germ cells are female.
oogonia
23,2,1
417
Processes
This process causes a child to mature into an adult
capable of sexual reproduction.
puberty
23,2,1
418
Numbers
Immature gametes undergo this many cell divisions.
two
23,2,1
419
Body Parts
Germ cells migrate to either of these two organs
during the early embryonic stage.
testes and ovaries
23,2,1
420
Processes
Germ cells remain dormant until this stage of the life
cycle.
puberty
23,2,1
421
Numbers
Immature gametes have this many chromosomes.
46
23,2,1
422
Numbers
Zygotes have this many chromosomes.
46
23,2,1
423
Qualities
These cells have two homologous copies of each
chromosome.
diploid
23,2,2
424
Qualities
These cells have only one copy of each chromosome.
haploid
23,2,2
425
Numbers
Humans have approximately this many somatic cells.
50 trillion
24,1,1
426
Cellular
Structures
This pair of comparable chromosomes consists of
one chromosome from each parent.
homologous chromosomes
24,1,3
427
Cell Types
Meosis begins in this type of cell.
one diploid germ cell
24,1,3
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Processes
In this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes
separate.
meiosis I
24,1,3
429
Processes
In this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes
exchange DNA.
prophase I
24,1,4
430
Cellular
Structures
Four chromatids in a “double X” form this complex.
tetrad
24,2,1
431
Cellular
Structures
These structures are formed by non-sister
chromatids that cross over.
synapses
24,2,1
432
Cellular
Structures
This term refers to alternative forms of the same
gene.
alleles
24,2,1
433
Ideas
This term refers to the variation of characteristics in
a species’ genome.
genetic diversity
24,2,1
434
Processes
This phase is the longest phase of meiosis.
prophase I
24,2,1
435
Processes
In this phase of meiosis, tetrads move to the
metaphase plate.
metaphase I
24,2,2
436
Processes
In this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes
separate.
anaphase I
24,2,3
437
Processes
In this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes
arrive at separate poles.
telophase I
24,2,4
438
Processes
Each chromosome’s sister chromatids are not
genetically identical during this phase of meiosis.
meiosis II
25,1,1
439
Processes
Gametes fuse to develop a new organism during this
process.
fertilization
25,2,1
440
Numbers
Meiosis results in this many haploid cells.
four
25,2,1
441
Qualities
This term describes a zygote that has the potential
to become any cell type.
totipotent
26,1,2
442
Qualities
This term describes cells that can differentiate into
the three cellular germ layers.
pluripotent
26,1,2
443
Qualities
This term describes cells that can only form a limited
number of cell types.
multipotent
26,1,2
444
Qualities
Growth, development, and activity stop in a cell that
is in this state.
dormancy
26,1,2
445
Cellular
Structures
These substances stimulate immature gametes to
undergo meiosis.
reproductive hormones
26,1,2
446
Processes
Cells become more specialized through this process.
cell differentiation
26,1,3
447
Body Parts
This tissue found in the interior of bones produces
red blood cells.
bone marrow
26,1,3
448
Cell Types
All body cells come from this source cell in
multicellular organisms.
zygote
26,1,3
449
Numbers
Most body cells are made of this many germ layers.
three
26,1,3
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450
Numbers
Stem cells can divide this many times.
infinitely
26,1,3
451
Processes
Stem cells can perform this medical function.
replace aged or worn tissues or
organs
26,1,3
452
Processes
This exchange of DNA results in recombinant
chromosomes.
crossing over
26,2,3
453
Processes
This type of mutation reverses the order of a DNA
segment.
inversion
26,2,3
454
Cellular
Structures
Mutation changes this genetic sequence.
DNA
26,2,3
455
Processes
These three processes cause genetic diversity in
sexually reproducing species.
crossing over, independent
sorting of chromosomes, and
random mating
26,2,4
456
Cell Types
These cells are genetically different from their parent
cell and from one another.
gametes
26,2,5
457
Processes
This type of fertilization occurs from the fusion of an
arbitrary egg and sperm.
random fertilization
27,1,1
458
Numbers
Adding a nucleotide during DNA replication requires
this many ATP molecules.
four
27,1,2
459
Cellular
Structures
This type of cell goes through interphase and the M
phase of the cell cycle constantly.
dividing cell
27,1,3
460
Body Parts
This tissue lines the cavities and surfaces of
structures throughout the body.
epithelium
27,1,3
461
Qualities
This word describes events that are not coordinated
in timing.
asynchronous
27,1,3
462
Body Parts
This term refers to similar cells that carry out a
specific function.
tissues
27,1,3
463
Processes
This process alleviates the losses from cell death.
cell division
27,1,3
464
Organisms
These types of cells are replaced on a routine basis.
cells lining external and internal
structures
27,1,3
465
Qualities
This term refers to a cell that does not specialize
further.
terminally differentiated
27,1,4
466
Qualities
This type of cell is terminally differentiated.
non-dividing cell
27,1,4
467
Processes
Cells in this phase cannot reenter the cell cycle
under normal conditions.
G0 phase
27,1,4
468
Cell Types
This type of cell processes and transmits information
through electrical and chemical signals.
nerve cell
27,1,4
469
Cell Types
This type of cell is the sensory receptor of the
auditory system.
hair cell
27,1,4
470
Lab
Equipment
This transparent structure in the eye refracts light.
lens
27,1,4
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471
People
This “Father of Genetics” performed experiments on
pea plants.
Gregor Mendel
28, 1, 3
472
Cell Types
These cells remain in the G0 phase until they are
induced to enter the cell cycle.
reproductively dormant cells
27,1,5
473
Diseases
This disease results from unchecked cell
proliferation.
cancer
27,2,1
474
Processes
This event stimulates the proliferation of liver cells.
liver damage
27,2,1
475
Organisms
These autotrophs include kelp and seaweed.
algae
27,2,2
476
Plants
These small embryonic plants help angiosperms to
spread and reproduce.
seeds
27,2,2
477
Qualities
Reproductively dormant cells stay inactive under this
condition.
presence of unfavorable
environments
27,2,2
478
Processes
Cell checkpoints limit the occurrence of this event.
uncontrolled cell proliferation
27,2,3
479
Processes
This process involves an abnormally high rate of cell
division.
hyperproliferation
28,1,1
480
Processes
This process involves the growth and spreading of
cancer.
carcinogenesis
28,1,1
481
Organisms
These benign tumors have the potential to become
malignant.
adenomas
28,1,1
482
Body Parts
This type of malignant cancer derives from epithelial
cells.
carcinoma
28,1,1
483
Qualities
The cell monitors these four factors during the G1
phase.
cell size, nutrient availability,
growth, and DNA damage
28,1,1
484
Qualities
The cell monitors these two factors during the G2
phase.
cell size and DNA replication
status
28,1,1
485
Cellular
Structures
These genes stimulate cell proliferation.
oncogenes
28,1,2
486
Cellular
Structures
Mutation in these structures cause uncontrolled cell
proliferation.
checkpoint proteins
28,1,2
487
People
This “Father of Genetics” performed experiments on
pea plants.
Gregor Mendel
28,1,3
488
Organisms
Asexual reproduction first evolved in these
organisms.
prokaryotes
29,1,1
489
Cellular
Structures
These three types of organelles actively participate in
in cell reproduction.
nucleus, plasma membrane, and
cytoskeletal elements
29,1,1
490
Places
Darwin observed finch behavior and genealogy at
this location.
Galapagos Islands
30,1,2
491
Organisms
Darwin formulated his theory of evolution through
natural selection after studying this type of bird.
finches
30,1,2
492
Ideas
This theory explained inheritance during the 19th
century.
blending inheritance
30,1,2
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Places
Mendel attended this university.
University of Vienna
30,1,3
494
Places
Mendel conducted his pea plant crosses at this type
of location.
monastery
30,2,1
495
Ideas
Mendel specialized in this field at university.
botany
30,2,1
496
Qualities
These organisms with identical genotypes produce
organisms with the same traits.
true-breeding
30,2,2
497
Qualities
Pea plants are ideal for genetic experimentation due
to these three qualities.
distinguishable traits, rapid
reproduction, and easily
manipulated pollination
30,2,2
498
Numbers
Mendel investigated this many traits in pea plants.
seven
30,2,2
499
Plants
This substance becomes the first leaves of a seedling.
cotyledon
31,1,1
500
Numbers
Mendel documented observations from roughly this
many pea plants.
30,000
31,1,2
501
Processe
This scientific habit of Mendel’s aided him in
unraveling the rules of inheritance.
methodical observation
31,1,2
502
Heredity
This pair of alleles determines the expression of a
trait.
genotype
31,2,1
503
Heredity
This physical or biochemical trait is controlled by a
genotype.
phenotype
31,2,2
504
Qualities
This type of allele masks the expression of another
allele.
dominant
31,2,2
505
Qualities
This term describes two alleles that are identical.
homozygous
31,2,2
506
Qualities
This term describes two alleles that are nonidentical.
heterozygous
31,2,2
507
Cellular
Structures
These eukaryotic chromosomes exclude sex
chromosomes.
autosomes
32,1,1
508
Processes
Parents differ in two independent traits in this type
of genetic cross.
dihybrid cross
32,1,1
509
Heredity
This term describes the first generation of organisms
from a genetic cross.
F1 generation
32,1,1
510
Heredity
This term describes the second generation of
organisms from a genetic cross.
F2 generation
32,1,1
511
Cellular
Structures
Genes are located in these places on DNA molecules.
loci
32,1,1
512
Processes
Parents differ in a single trait in this type of genetic
cross.
monohybrid cross
32,1,1
513
Processes
This process separates alleles or homologous
chromosomes during meiosis.
segregation
32,1,1
514
Processes
Sperm and eggs from the same flower fertilize
during this process.
self-pollination
32,1,1
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515
Processes
This genetic cross mates a dominant phenotype
organism with a homozygous recessive organism.
test cross
32,1,1
516
Cellular
Structures
Chromosome pairs #1 through 22 are these kinds of
chromosomes.
autosomal chromosomes
33,1,2
517
Cellular
Structures
Chromosome pair #23 is this kind of chromosome.
sex chromosomes
33,1,2
518
Qualities
This generation, also known by the codename “P”, is
true-breeding.
parental
33,1,4
519
People
This scientist was the first to apply systematic
mathematical principles to genetics.
Gregor Mendel
33,2,2
520
Ideas
This statistical precaution prevents sampling errors.
large sample size
33,2,3
521
Ideas
This field studies the collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
statistics
33,2,3
522
Qualities
Mendel’s large sample size gave his results this
quality.
statistical significance
33,2,3
523
Ideas
This rule states that P(A and B) = P(A) times P(B),
where P stands for probability.
product rule
33,2,4
524
Ideas
This rule states that P(A or B) = P(A) plus P(B),
where P stands for probability.
sum rule
33,2,4
525
Ideas
This theorem states that (A + a)*(A + a) = A2 + 2Aa +
a2, where A and a are two variables.
binomial theorem
33,2,5
526
Ideas
This term refers to an unknown factor within an
experiment.
variable
33,2,5
527
Numbers
This ratio of phenotypically dominant to recessive
offspring results from a monohybrid cross.
3:1
34,1,1
528
Heredity
Capital letters denote this allele.
dominant allele
34,1,1
529
Heredity
Lowercase letters denote this allele.
recessive allele
34,1,1
530
Plants
This coarse powder contains the microgametophytes
of seed plants.
pollen
34,1,2
531
Qualities
This flower color is dominant in pea plants.
purple
34,1,2
532
Qualities
This flower color is recessive in pea plants.
white
34,1,2
533
Qualities
This term refers to traits whose inheritance is
affected by the sex of the parent with that trait.
sex-dependent
34,2,1
534
Ideas
Mendel made this discovery by reciprocal crossing of
genetic traits.
the irrelevancy of the parent’s sex
in somatic inheritance.
34,2,2
535
Heredity
Mendel self-pollinated this generation of plants in his
experiments.
F1
35,1,2
536
Processes
Mendel made this discovery by self-pollination.
reappearance of the recessive
trait in the F2 generation
35,1,2
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537
Ideas
This Mendelian law states that dominant alleles mask
recessive alleles.
law of dominance
35,1,5
538
Numbers
Alleles for a trait come in sets of this number.
two
35,1,5
539
Ideas
Mendel’s F1 plants demonstrated this Mendelian law.
law of dominance
35,1,5
540
Qualities
Mendel’s F1 plants had this kind of genotype.
heterozygous
35,1,5
541
Ideas
This Mendelian law states that pairs of alleles
separate and recombine during fertilization.
law of segregation
35,2,1
542
Qualities
This seed color is dominant in pea plants.
yellow
35,2,2
543
Qualities
This seed color is recessive in pea plants.
green
35,2,2
544
Qualities
This seed texture is dominant in pea plants.
round
35,2,2
545
Qualities
This seed texture is recessive in pea plants.
wrinkled
35,2,2
546
Numbers
This ratio of offspring results from a dihybrid cross.
9:3:3:1
36,1,1
547
Ideas
Mendel’s dihybrid crosses demonstrated this
Mendelian law.
law of independent assortment
36,1,2
548
People
This scientist wrote Experiments on Plant
Hybridization.
Gregor Mendel
36,1,3
549
Ideas
Mendel’s work rejected this theory.
blending inheritance
36,2,2
550
Heredity
This new type of trait in an organism evolves by
natural selection.
an adaptation
36,2,3
551
Processes
This process gives rise to multiple versions of alleles
over many generations.
adaptation
36,2,3
552
Cellular
Structures
Mendel’s dihybrid cross experiments were successful
because the genes involved were located on these
places.
separate chromosomes
37,1,3
553
Ideas
This term refers to an explanation that can be tested
by the scientific method.
hypothesis
37,1,4
554
Numbers
Mendel’s experiments tested a maximum of this
many genes simultaneously.
three
37,1,4
555
People
Mendel ascended to this position after publishing his
work.
prelate
37,2,1
556
People
This 19th-century botanist’s plant-breeding
program reached the same conclusions as Mendel’s.
Hugo de Vries
37,2,2
557
People
This botanist first proved Mendel’s law of
segregation and of independent assortment in his
experiments.
Carl Erich Correns
37,2,3
558
People
This scientist first confirmed Mendel’s 3:1 ratio of
inheritance in his plant breeding experiments.
Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg
37,2,3
559
Ideas
Mendel’s work validated this experimental process.
the scientific method
37,2,4
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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560
Processes
Mendel’s work proved that the gene is the
fundamental unit of this process.
inheritance
37,2,5
561
Qualities
These types of earlobes are dominant in humans.
free
38,1,1
562
Qualities
These types of earlobes are recessive in humans.
attached
38,1,1
563
Processes
The pea plant traits that Mendel studied did not
affect this variable.
survival of pea plants
38,1,2
564
Ideas
Scientists came to this consensus after the
completion of the Human Genome Project.
all diseases have a genetic
component
38,2,1
565
Diseases
This autosomal recessive disease causes urine to turn
black when exposed to oxygen.
alkaptonuria
38,2,2
566
Qualities
This term refers to hypotheses that can be disproved
through experimentation.
falsifiable
38,2,2
567
Cellular
Structures
This type of small molecule is the intermediate and
product of metabolism.
metabolite
38,2,2
568
Processes
This symptom is characteristic of alkaptonuria.
urine turning dark brown upon
exposure to air
38,2,2
569
Processes
Excess metabolite in alkaptonuriacs causes these
three health problems.
damage to cartilage, heart valves,
and kidneys
38,2,2
570
Molecules
This molecule is excreted by patients with
alkaptonuria.
homogentisic acid
82,1,1
571
Body Parts
This slippery secretion is produced by mucous
membranes.
mucus
38,2,3
572
People
Cystic fibrosis mostly affects this demographic.
Northern and Central Europeans
38,2,3
573
Numbers
Cystic fibrosis affects one in this many Caucasians.
2,500
38,2,3
574
Processes
Cystic fibrosis causes these two health problems.
lung infections and difficulty in
digestion
38,2,3
575
Diseases
This disease is the most common fatal inherited
disorder affecting American Caucasians.
cystic fibrosis
38,2,3
576
Numbers
Sickle-cell anemia affects one in this many AfricanAmericans.
400
38,2,4
577
Diseases
This disease is the most common genetic disorder in
the United States.
sickle-cell anemia
38,2,4
578
Body Parts
This type of blood vessel is the smallest of such
vessels.
capillary
39,1,1
579
Qualities
Red blood cells usually have this shape.
“donut”
39,1,1
580
Body Parts
Sickle-shaped red blood cells are too large for these
blood vessels.
capillaries
39,1,1
581
Processes
Untreated sickle-cell anemia ultimately leads to this
result.
multiple organ failure and then
death
39,1,1
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582
Diseases
This autosomal recessive disease causes accumulation
of mucus in the respiratory and digestive systems.
cystic fibrosis
39,1,2
583
People
Tay-Sachs disease mostly affects this demographic.
Ashkenazi Jews
39,1,2
584
Numbers
Tay-Sachs disease affects one in this many Ashkenazi
Jews.
3,500
39,1,2
585
Processes
Tay-Sachs disease affects the enzyme responsible for
this function.
lipid metabolism
39,1,2
586
Cell Types
Tay-Sachs disease causes malfunctions in these cells.
brain cells
39,1,2
587
Diseases
Tay-Sachs disease can cause these four health
problems.
paralysis, blindness, deafness, and
other neurological disorders
39,1,2
588
Diseases
This autosomal recessive disease distorts red blood
cells, reducing their oxygen-carrying capacity.
sickle-cell anemia
39,2,1
589
Qualities
Tay-Sachs is this type of genetically inherited
disorder.
autosomal recessive
39,2,1
590
Organisms
These organisms are phenotypically normal but have
a recessive copy of a disease allele.
carriers
39,2,1
591
Qualities
Disease carriers always have this genotype.
heterozygous
39,2,1
592
Processes
This process allows couples to learn their risk of
passing on hereditary diseases.
genetic counseling
39,2,1
593
Qualities
Cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs
disease follow this inheritance pattern.
homozygous recessive
39,2,1
594
Lab
Equipment
This diagram predicts the outcome of a breeding
experiment.
Punnett square
39,2,3
595
People
This geneticist created a tool to predict the
genotypes of offspring.
Reginald Punnett
39,2,3
596
Ideas
Punnett squares require this information.
genotypes of the parents and
dominant-recessive relationship
39,2,3
597
Ideas
This type of dominance occurs when the dominant
allele completely masks the recessive allele.
complete dominance
40,1,2
598
Ideas
This type of dominance occurs when the dominant
allele is only partially expressed.
incomplete dominance
40,1,2
599
Ideas
Incomplete dominance exists due to this
phenomenon.
dependence of some traits on the
robustness of the protein product
40,1,2
600
Diseases
This genetic disorder causes high cholesterol levels
and early-onset cardiovascular disease.
familial hypercholesterolemia
40,2,1
601
Heredity
Incomplete dominance leads to intermediate
phenotypes in these individuals.
heterozygotes
40,2,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
602
Ideas
The phenomenon of incomplete dominance
resembles the predictions of this rejected theory.
blending inheritance
40,2,1
603
Qualities
Familial hypercholesterolemia follows this inheritance
pattern.
autosomal dominant
40,2,2
604
Diseases
This condition results from interruption of the blood
supply to part of the heart.
heart attack
41,1,1
605
Cellular
Structures
This type of membrane-bound compartment is
located inside eukaryotic cells.
endosome
41,1,1
606
Diseases
Familial hypercholesterolemia can cause these three
health problems.
high cholesterol, hypertension,
and cardiovascular disease
41,1,1
607
Molecules
This steroid is a major component of animal cell
membranes.
cholesterol
41,2,2
608
Molecules
These compounds contain four carbon rings joined
together.
steroids
41,2,2
609
Qualities
This term refers to compounds synthesized within
cells.
de novo
41,2,2
610
Molecules
This type of cholesterol accumulates on artery walls
and can cause cardiovascular disease.
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
41,2,2
611
Molecules
This type of cholesterol can remove other cholesterol
from artery walls and prevent cardiovascular disease.
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
41,2,2
612
Molecules
This type of cholesterol is commonly known as the
"bad" type of cholesterol.
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
41,2,2
613
Body Parts
This organ packages cholesterol molecules for
transport and delivery.
liver
41,2,2
614
Molecules
Gonadal cells use this molecule for the synthesis of
sex steroids.
cholesterol
41,2,2
615
Body Parts
Cells prefer to acquire cholesterol from this source.
the diet
41,2,2
616
Molecules
These organic molecules are not soluble in blood.
lipids
41,2,2
617
Body Parts
This organ transports and delivers cholesterol.
liver
41,2,2
618
Cellular
Structures
These molecules found on cell surfaces receive
signals from outside the cell.
receptors
42,1,1
619
Cellular
Structures
These lipid rafts found on cell surfaces internalize
cholesterol complexes.
coated pits
42,1,1
620
Cellular
Structures
These depressions found on cell membranes are a
result of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
coated pits
42,1,1
621
Body Parts
LDL-cholesterol complexes can clog these blood
vessels.
arteries
42,1,2
622
Ideas
This system classifies blood types as A, B, AB, or O.
ABO blood typing
42,1,5
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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623
Ideas
This type of dominance occurs when both alleles are
expressed phenotypically.
co-dominance
42,2,1
624
Molecules
These membrane proteins assist in cell-to-cell
interactions.
glycoproteins
42,2,1
625
Molecules
This type of protein has one or more attached sugar
chains.
glycoproteins
42,2,1
626
Ideas
ABO blood typing exhibits this type of dominan ce.
co-dominance
42,2,1
627
People
This biologist formulated the ABO blood group
system.
Karl Landsteiner
42,2,2
628
Processes
This process delivers blood to patients intravenously.
blood transfusion
42,2,2
629
Processes
Red blood cells clump together in this process.
agglutination
42,2,2
630
Ideas
Scientists assumed this fact about human blood was
true prior to Karl Landsteiner’s discoveries.
that all human blood was the
same
42,2,2
631
Ideas
Karl Landsteiner made this observation of blood
when mixed with foreign serum.
red blood cells of some
individuals clumping when mixed
with foreign serum
42,2,2
632
Places
Karl Landsteiner was born in this nation.
Austria
42,2,2
633
Ideas
ABO blood typing does not follow these two
common rules of genetics.
Mendelian inheritance laws or
incomplete dominance
42,1,5
634
Qualities
This allele is dominant between A and B alleles in
human blood types.
neither allele
42,2,1
635
Cellular
Structures
This place is the location of ABO blood type
expression in humans.
the surface of red blood cells
42,2,1
636
Cellular
Structures
An individual's blood type is expressed in this type of
molecule on membrane proteins.
sugar molecules
42,2,1
637
Blood Types
An individual with two A alleles will exhibit this
blood type.
A
42,Figure 31
638
Blood Types
An individual with an A and an O allele will exhibit
this blood type.
A
42,Figure 31
639
Blood Types
An individual with a B and an O allele will exhibit
this blood type.
B
42,Figure 31
640
Blood Types
An individual with an A and a B allele will exhibit
this blood type.
AB
42,Figure 31
641
Body Parts
This component is the liquid part of blood.
serum
42,2,2
642
Ideas
Karl Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for this
discovery
the ABO blood typing system
42,2,2
643
Diseases
Agglutination can lead to this health problem.
anemia
42,2,2
644
Cellular
Structures
These substances induce the production of
antibodies.
antigens
42,2,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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645
Cellular
Structures
The immune system uses these proteins to identify
and neutralize foreign particles.
antibodies
42,2,3
646
Cellular
Structures
Anti-A antibodies attack this type of antigen.
A antigen
42,2,3
647
Cellular
Structures
Anti-B antibodies attack this type of antigen.
B antigen
42,2,3
648
Processes
Anti-B antibodies attack this type of cell.
red blood cells with B antigen on
their surface
42,2,3
649
Diseases
Low red blood cell count characterizes this disease.
anemia
42,2,3
650
Processes
Anemia may result in these two consequences.
oxygen deficiency and death
42,2,3
651
Blood Types
This blood type has A antigens and anti-B antibodies.
blood type A
43,1,1
652
Blood Types
This blood type has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.
blood type B
43,1,1
653
Blood Types
This blood type is not subject to attack by anti-A or
anti-B antigens.
blood type O
43,1,1
654
Blood Types
This “universal recipient” blood type has A and B
antigens and no antibodies.
blood type AB
43,1,1
655
Blood Types
This “universal donor” blood type has no antigens
and anti-A and -B antibodies.
blood type O
43,1,1
656
Blood Types
This allele is recessive in ABO blood typing.
O
43,1,1
657
Blood Types
These alleles are dominant in ABO blood typing.
A and B
43,1,1
658
Blood Types
These two genotypes code for Type A blood.
AA and AO
43,1,1
659
Blood Types
These two genotypes code for Type B blood.
BB and BO
43,1,1
660
Blood Types
This blood type exhibits co-dominance.
Type AB
43,1,1
661
Blood Types
This genotype codes for Type AB blood.
AB
43,1,1
662
Blood Types
This genotype codes for Type O blood.
OO
43,1,1
663
Diseases
A patient who receives mismatched blood
experiences this reaction.
transfusion shock
43,1,3
664
Blood Types
Type A individuals can receive these two types of
blood.
Types A and O
43,1,3
665
Blood Types
Type B individuals can receive these two types of
blood.
Types B and O
43,1,3
666
Blood Types
Type AB individuals can receive these types of blood.
Types A, B, AB, and O
43,1,3
667
Blood Types
Type O individuals can receive this type of blood.
Type O
43,1,3
668
Numbers
ABO blood typing classifies blood into this many
phenotypes.
four
43,1,4
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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669
Ideas
This technique served as the standard scientific
method for investigating paternity cases before 1984.
ABO blood typing
43,2,2
670
People
Joan Barry accused this actor of fathering her child
in 1943.
Charlie Chaplin
43,2,2
671
Qualities
The Rh factor is an example of this type of
inheritance.
simple dominant/recessive traits
43,2,3
672
Processes
A positive Rh factor has this consequence for human
cells.
the expression of the Rh surface
antigen on red blood cells
43,2,3
673
Body Parts
A woman's immune system will not affect this part
of her body when she is pregnant.
the uterus
42,2,4
674
Body Parts
During labor and delivery, the placenta pulls away
from this part of the mother's body.
endometrium
42,2,4
675
Processes
If untreated, an Rh- mother's second pregnancy with
an Rh+ baby leads to this medical consequence for
the baby.
severe loss of red blood cells
42,2,4
676
Processes
This simple test can prevent a baby's death due to
incompatible Rhesus factors.
a blood test
42,2,4
677
Numbers
ABO blood typing contains this number of
genotypes.
eight
43,1,4
678
Cellular
Structures
This D antigen inspired an alternative blood group
system.
Rh factor
43,2,3
679
Organisms
The Rh factor is named after this species of animal.
rhesus monkey
43,2,3
680
Qualities
This Rh factor is dominant in humans.
positive
43,2,3
681
Qualities
This Rh factor is recessive in humans.
negative
43,2,3
682
Structures
This organ connects the fetus to the uterine wall.
placenta
43,2,4
683
Structures
This membrane forms the innermost layer of the
uterus.
endometrium
43,2,4
684
Cell Types
These blood cells deliver oxygen to body tissues.
red blood cells
43,2,4
685
Processes
Rh factor mismatch may lead to a baby’s death in
this situation.
Rh- woman’s second pregnancy
that is with an Rh+ man
43,2,4
686
Qualities
This phenomenon occurs when one gene influences
multiple traits.
pleiotropy
44,1,2
687
Diseases
This disorder is characterized by the absence of
pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.
albinism
44,1,3
688
Molecules
This pigment colors human skin and hair.
melanin
44,1,3
689
Plants
Mendel noticed that the gene for pea plant seed coat
color also influenced these two factors.
flower color and leaf petiole color
44,1,2
690
Plants
This part of a plant stalk attaches the leaf blade to
the stem.
leaf petiole
44,1,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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691
Ideas
The Greek root "tropic-" has this meaning.
affecting
44,1,2
692
Ideas
The Greek root "pleio-" has this meaning.
many
44,1,2
693
Qualities
The melanin molecule produces this color of
pigment.
brown
44,1,3
694
Ideas
Human skin color and height are examples of this
type of inheritance.
polygenic inheritance
44,1,4
695
Ideas
This type of inheritance influences one trait through
multiple genes.
polygenic inheritance
44,1,4
696
Qualities
This type of trait is expressed in phenotypically
distinct forms.
discrete
44,1,5
697
Qualities
This type of trait is expressed over a range of
continuous values.
quantitative
44,1,5
698
Cellular
Structures
These two mutated genes increase a woman’s risk of
breast cancer.
BRCA1 and BRCA2
44,2,2
699
Ideas
This type of inheritance expresses quantitative traits.
polygenic inheritance
44,1,4
700
Numbers
Approximately this many genetic loci are associated
with adult human height.
180
44,1,4
701
Qualities
These two environmental influences may affect adult
human height.
nutrition and hormone levels
44,2,1
702
People
These three individuals are examples of female firstdegree relatives.
mother, sister, and daughter
44,2,2
703
Percentages
This percentage of breast cancer cases are due to
mutated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
less than 10%
44,2,2
704
Percentages
Approximately this percentage of the population
expresses the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
less than 1%
44,2,2
705
People
This geneticist studied chromosomes and mutations
through experiments with fruit flies.
Thomas Morgan
45,1,3
706
Processes
This process assigns DNA fragments to
chromosomes.
gene mapping
46,1,1
707
Ideas
This length refers to the distance between genes on a
chromosome.
genetic map unit
46,1,1
708
Qualities
This type of organism has a genetic makeup that
differs from each parent.
recombinant
46,1,1
709
Plants
William Bateson, a British geneticist, studied this
plant.
sweet peas
44,1,3
710
People
This scientist created the Punnett square.
Reginald Punnett
44,1,3
711
People
William Bateson collaborated with these two
scientists to perform dihybrid crosses.
Edith Rebecca Saunders and
Reginald Punnett
44,1,3
712
Plants
William Bateson studied these two traits in his
dihybrid cross experiments.
purebred flower color and pollen
grain shape
44,1,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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713
Qualities
Sweet peas may exhibit these two flower colors.
purple and red
44,1,3
714
Qualities
Bateson knew that this flower color was dominant
for sweet peas.
purple
44,1,3
715
Qualities
Sweet peas may exhibit these two pollen grain
shapes.
long and round
44,1,3
716
Qualities
Bateson knew that this pollen grain shape was
dominant for sweet peas.
long
44,1,3
717
Numbers
This ratio is Mendel's predicted four-part ratio for a
dihybrid cross.
9:3:3:1
44,1,4
718
Qualities
Purple sweet pea flowers are more likely to exhibit
this pollen grain shape.
long
44,1,4
719
Qualities
Red sweet pea flowers are more likely to exhibit this
pollen grain shape.
round
44,1,4
720
Cellular
Structures
This type of gene does not follow the law of
independent assortment.
linked genes
45,1,1
721
Numbers
The pea species that Gregor Mendel used for his
experiments has this many chromosomes.
seven
45,1,2
722
People
These three scientists were the first to describe gene
linkage.
William Bateson, Edith Rebecca
Saunders, and Reginald Punnett
45,1,3
723
Processes
Thomas Morgan attempted to change fruit flies into
new species by inducing these changes.
large-scale mutations
45,2,1
724
Organisms
The sex chromosome was first discovered in this
species in 1910.
grasshoppers
45,2,3
725
Cellular
Structures
Thomas Morgan suspected that these chromosomes
had a special pattern of inheritance.
sex chromosomes
45,2,3
726
Ideas
Sturtevant reasoned that this characteristic
determined the probability of crossing over between
two genes.
physical distance between genes
45,2,5
727
Numbers
Thomas Morgan identified at least this many
mutants during his career.
two dozen
46,1,2
728
People
This scientist earned the Nobel Prize in 1933 for his
work on genetic mutations.
Thomas Morgan
46,1,2
729
Cellular
Structures
This gene located on the Y chromosome initiates
male sex determination.
sex reversal Y (SRY) gene
46,2,1
730
Body Parts
These sex organs produce gametes.
gonads
46,2,1
731
Body Parts
These female gonads produce ova.
ovaries
46,2,1
732
Body Parts
These male gonads produce sperm.
testes
46,2,1
733
Diseases
This sex-linked disorder decreases color perception.
red-green colorblindness
47,1,1
734
Diseases
These disorders result from genes on sex
chromosomes.
sex-linked disorder
47,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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735
Cellular
Structures
This gene determines human color vision.
the opsin gene
47,1,1
736
Qualities
The opsin gene is found in these locations.
on many different chromosomes
47,1,1
737
Diseases
This disorder is the most common type of
colorblindness.
red-green colorblindness
47,1,1
738
Cellular
Structures
The most common type of red-green colorblindness
is linked to this chromosome.
the X chromosome
47,1,1
739
People
This scientist first described red-green
colorblindness.
John Dalton
47,1,1
740
Qualities
The allele for colorblindness is of these two types.
recessive and sex-linked
47,1,2
741
Numbers
Red-green colorblindness affects males and females
in this ratio.
10 males: 1 female
47,1,2
742
Numbers
The Y chromosome contains approximately this
many genes.
200
47,2,1
743
Qualities
Most of the genes on the Y chromosome have one of
these two functions.
sex determination and male
fertility
47,2,1
744
Processes
Two species adapt to each other in this interspecies
relationship.
symbiosis
47,2,2
745
Cellular
Structures
This type of DNA is inherited only through the
mother.
mitochondrial DNA
47,2,3
746
Cellular
Structures
This genetic material is used to trace the male
lineage.
the Y chromosome
47,2,3
747
Qualities
Mitochondrial DNA is located in this part of the
sperm.
the middle
47,2,3
748
Cellular
Structures
This part of a male's DNA never enters the oocyte
during fertilization.
mitochondrial DNA
47,2,3
749
Heredity
This chart documents organism’s phenotypes over
multiple generations.
pedigree
47,2,4
750
Qualities
This term refers to procedures carried out when the
fetus is in the womb.
in utero
47,2,5
751
Ideas
This branch of genetics studies the structure and
function of chromosomes.
chromosomal analysis
47,2,5
752
Processes
This test determines the number and appearance of
chromosomes in a cell.
karyotyping
48,1,1
753
Processes
This prenatal test extracts fetal DNA from amniotic
fluid.
amniocentesis
48,1,1
754
Processes
This prenatal test extracts fetal DNA from placental
tissue.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
48,1,1
755
Body Parts
The fetal chorionic villi form a part of this womb
tissue.
the placenta
48,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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756
Processes
This test involves the removal of cells or tissues for
examination.
biopsy
48,1,1
757
Numbers
A mother older than this age is considered to be of
"advanced maternal age".
35
47,2,5
758
Processes
These processes are the two main methods of
karyotyping.
amniocentesis and chorionic villus
sampling
48,1,1
759
People
These two naturalists conceived the theory of
evolution through natural selection.
Alfred Wallace and Charles
Darwin
49,1,1
760
People
This scientist published his theory of evolution by
natural selection in On the Origin of Species.
Charles Darwin
49,1,1
761
People
This naturalist proposed the theory of inheritance of
acquired characteristics.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
49,2,1
762
People
Charles Darwin sailed to the Galapagos Islands on
this ship.
the H.M.S. Beagle
49,1,1
763
Numbers
Charles Darwin studied this many species of finches
in the Galapagos Islands.
thirteen
49,1,1
764
Places
Alfred Wallace studied evolution in this region.
the East Indies
49,1,1
765
Qualities
Alfred Wallace studied evolution in animals of this
geographic origin.
Asian and Australian
49,1,1
766
People
Darwin and Wallace presented their findings on
evolution to this society in 1858.
The Linnean Society of London
49,1,1
767
Ideas
This process describes how individuals within a
species vary in their heritable traits.
descent with modification
49,1,1
768
Numbers
Charles Darwin spent this many years on the H.M.S.
Beagle.
6 (from 1831 to 1836)
49,1,1
769
Places
Cytologist Walther Flemming was of this nationality.
German
49,2,2
770
Processes
Walther Flemming studied this cellular process in
order to describe chromosome behavior.
mitosis
49,2,2
771
Places
Biologist August Weismann was of this nationality.
German
49,2,2
772
Processes
August Weismann linked genetic variation and sexual
reproduction to this cellular process.
meiosis
49,2,2
773
Ideas
August Weismann studied empirically whether this
type of trait could be inherited.
acquired traits
49,2,2
774
Heredity
August Weismann studied the inheritance of these
traits.
somatic traits
49,2,3
775
Organisms
August Weismann removed the tails of these animals
to study acquired traits.
mice
49,2,3
776
Numbers
August Weismann studied inheritance in mice over
this many generations.
five
49,2,3
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777
Ideas
August Weismann proposed this theory of heredity.
germ-plasm theory of heredity
50,1,1
778
Ideas
This omission was a major scientific weakness of
Charles Darwin's thesis on evolution by natural
selection.
no explanation of a genetic basis
for evolution
50,Photo
779
Cellular
Structures
August Weismann believed that this structure served
as the genetic material in living things.
germ plasm
50,1,1
780
Cell Types
The germ line is also known by this name.
gametes
50,1,1
781
Ideas
August Weismann's genetic theory rejected these
three famous hypotheses.
pangenesis, blending inheritance,
and acquired traits
50,1,1
782
Cell Types
August Weismann believed that these two types of
cells were separated early in development.
somatic cells and gametes
50,1,1
783
Cell Types
August Weismann believed that these two types of
human cells were not interchangeable.
body cells and gametes
50,1,1
784
People
This evolutionary biologist was the first to propose
the idea that crossing over contributes to genetic
variability.
August Weismann
49,2,2
785
Heredity
These traits are also known as body traits.
somatic traits
49,2,3
786
Ideas
This theory states that germ plasm is passed down
through generations.
germ-plasm theory
50,1,1
787
Cell Types
This sequence of germ cells contains genetic material
that may be passed on to offspring.
germ line
50,1,1
788
Ideas
This synonym for evolution describes the process of
inheritance of adaptive traits.
descent with modification
50,2,2
789
People
Thomas Morgan was skeptical of this scientist's work
with garden peas.
Gregor Mendel
50,2,1
790
Cellular
Structures
Thomas Morgan identified this structure as the
physical unit of heritable traits.
chromosomes
50,2,2
791
Ideas
This branch of genetics studies genotype frequency
in a group of individuals.
population genetics
50,2,2
792
Ideas
Population genetics uses this type of method to
analyze changes in a population.
statistical methods
50,2,2
793
Ideas
A non-evolving population must be large for this
reason.
to prevent minor genetic
variations from shifting the entire
generation
50,2,2
794
Ideas
This type of mating must occur in a non-evolving
population.
random
50,2,2
795
Ideas
This evolutionary force is not present in a nonevolving population.
natural selection
50,2,2
796
Numbers
This phenotype ratio occurs in a non-evolving,
Mendelian inheritance population.
3:1
50,2,2
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797
Numbers
This genotype ratio occurs in a non-evolving,
Mendelian inheritance population.
1:2:1
50,2,2
798
Ideas
This movement of individuals may lead to evolution
in a population.
migration
50,2,2
799
Ideas
This term refers to the number of individuals with a
particular genotype divided by the total size of a
population.
genotype frequency
51,1,2
800
Numbers
This is the genotype frequency of heterozygous
offspring in a cross of homozygous dominant and
recessive parents.
0.5
51,1,2
801
Ideas
This term refers to the total number of occurrences
of a particular allele within the gene pool.
allele frequency
51,1,4
802
People
This scientist studied unchanging allele frequencies
in 1902.
Udny Yule
51,1,7
803
People
This scientist studied allele frequency changes in the
human population in 1903.
William Castle
51,1,7
804
Ideas
This theorem states that genotype frequencies in a
population remain constant.
Hardy-Weinberg theorem
51,1,8
805
Ideas
This phenomenon occurs when there are no
evolutionary influences on genotype frequencies.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
51,2,2
806
Ideas
This type of evolution concerns changes within a
single population.
microevolution
52,1,6
807
People
This German physician helped to develop the HardyWeinberg theorem.
Wilhelm Weinberg
51,1,8
808
Qualities
The Hardy-Weinberg theory considers a non-evolving
population to be in this state.
equilibrium
51,1,8
809
Numbers
In a world with only p and q alleles, the q allele has
this frequency in a population that is p purebred.
zero frequency
52,1,1
810
Numbers
The Hardy-Weinberg theory expresses gene
frequencies with this equation.
p2+2pq+q2=1
52,1,3
811
Processes
These two forces may prevent stability in a large
population.
environmental changes and
predator-prey competition
52,1,5
812
Ideas
Microevolution results in changes in this parameter
of population genetics.
allele frequency
52,1,5
813
Ideas
This field of study focuses on the development of an
embryo.
embryology
52,1,8
814
Ideas
This field of study focuses on the distribution of life
over geographic time and space.
biogeography
52,1,8
815
Ideas
This field of study focuses on prehistoric life.
paleontology
52,1,8
816
People
This contributor to the modern synthesis used
statistical methods to quantify genetic variations.
Ronald Fisher
52,2,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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817
Processes
New biological species arise through this evolutionary
process.
speciation
52,2,3
818
Processes
This type of speciation occurs when populations
become geographically separated.
allopatric speciation
52,2,3
819
Processes
This process forms organisms with multiple
homologous sets of chromosomes.
polyploidy
53,1,1
820
Processes
This type of speciation occurs when the two new
species inhabit the same geographic region.
sympatric speciation
53,1,1
821
People
This geneticist found that new plant species can arise
through meiotic errors and polyploidy.
G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr.
53,1,1
822
People
This contributor to the modern synthesis proposed
that mutation is the source of evolution.
Theodosius Dobzhansky
53,1,2
823
People
This evolutionary biologist proposed the “biological
species concept”.
Ernst Mayr
53,1,3
824
Processes
This type of evolution occurs at or above the species
level.
macroevolution
53,2,1
825
Ideas
Random sampling causes this change in an allele’s
frequency.
genetic drift
53,2,1
826
Ideas
Ronald A. Fisher specialized in this interdisciplinary
field.
biometry
52,2,2
827
Ideas
Ronald A. Fisher introduced this concept in a 1918
paper.
inheritance of quantitative traits
52,2,2
828
Ideas
Darwin proposed this mechanism of speciation in On
the Origin of Species.
geographical isolation
52,2,3
829
Processes
The plant geneticist G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. studied
this process.
formation of new plant species
53,1,1
830
Places
G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. was of this nationality.
American
53,1,1
831
Processes
G Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. proposed this new type of
speciation.
sympatric speciation
53,1,1
832
People
Theodosius Dobzhansky collaborated with this
famous biologist in the 1930s.
Thomas Morgan
53,1,2
833
People
This evolutionary biologist published Genetics and
the Origin of Species..
Theodosius Dobzhansky
53,1,2
834
People
This scientist proposed the definition of evolution as
"a change in allele frequency within a gene pool".
Theodosius Dobzhansky
53,1,2
835
Ideas
This theory described species as groups of organisms
that can interbreed and produce viable offspring of
both sexes.
the biological species concept
53,1,3
836
People
This scientist published The Evolutionary Synthesis,
discussing the synthesis of genetics and evolution.
Ernst Mayr
53,1,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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837
Processes
These four forces may result in evolutionary changes.
natural selection, genetic drift,
migration, and non-random
mating
53,2,1
838
People
This biochemist discovered nuclein.
Friedrich Miescher
53,2,3
839
Cellular
Structures
This mixture of chromosomal proteins and nucleic
acids is located in white blood cells.
nuclein
53,2,3
840
Molecules
This nitrogenous base pairs with thymine.
adenine
53,2,4
841
Molecules
This nitrogenous base pairs with guanine.
cytosine
53,2,4
842
People
This chemist identified the four nitrogenous bases.
Albrecht Kossel
53,2,4
843
Molecules
These molecules are the larger type of nitrogenous
bases.
purines
53,2,4
844
Molecules
These molecules are the smaller type of nitrogenous
bases.
pyrimidines
53,2,4
845
Molecules
This nitrogenous base replaces thymine in RNA.
uracil
53,2,4
846
People
This biochemist identified DNA as a polynucleotide
and proposed the “tetranucleotide” hypothesis.
Phoebus Levene
53,2,5
847
Molecules
These biopolymers consist of multiple nucleotide
monomers bonded in a chain.
polynucleotides
54,1,1
848
Ideas
This hypothesis proposed that the four DNA bases
exist in equal proportion.
tetranucleotide hypothesis
54,1,1
849
Molecules
Deoxyribose is this type of sugar.
monosaccharide
54,1,1
850
Numbers
Deoxyribose contains this many carbon atoms.
five
54,1,1
851
Qualities
The purine nucleotides have this type of structure.
fused double-ring
54,Figure 38
852
Qualities
The pyrimidine nucleotides have this type of
structure.
single ring
54,Figure 38
853
Molecules
This DNA nucleotide does not contain an oxygen
atom.
adenine
54,Figure 38
854
Molecules
This DNA nucleotide contains two oxygen atoms.
thymine
54,Figure 38
855
Molecules
These two DNA nucleotides each contain one oxygen
atom.
guanine and cytosine
54,Figure 38
856
Molecules
Levene identified this sugar as part of nucleic acid.
deoxyribose
54,1,1
857
People
This scientist broke DNA down into its constituent
building blocks in 1919.
Phoebus Levene
54,1,1
858
Cellular
Structures
“DNA” is an abbreviation for this name.
deoxyribonucleic acid
54,1,1
859
Cell Types
DNA forms the genetic material for all organisms
except this one.
the RNA virus
54,1,1
860
Molecules
These three types of molecules form the three main
components of DNA.
phosphate, sugar, and a
nitrogenous base
54,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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861
Ideas
This idea is the name of Levene’s incorrect
hypothesis about nitrogenous bases.
tetranucleotide hypothesis
54,1,1
862
Molecules
These two nitrogenous bases have a fused doublering structure.
adenine and guanine
54,Figure 38
863
Qualities
This structure describes the nucleotide cytosine.
single ring
54,Figure 38
864
Molecules
Cytosine has the same basic structure as this
nucleotide.
thymine
54,Figure 38
865
Ideas
Many scientists initially believed that DNA could not
be the genetic material for this reason.
the simple structure of DNA
54,1,1
866
Ideas
This hypothesis supported the belief that DNA could
not be the basic genetic material.
tetranucleotide hypothesis
54,1,1
867
Ideas
Levene believed DNA served this function inside the
nucleus.
provision of stability for the
nuclear material
54,1,1
868
Molecules
The backbone of DNA contains these two elements.
sugar and phosphate
54,Figure 39
869
Diseases
This type of epidemic spreads throughout a large
region.
pandemic
54,2,1
870
Diseases
This infection causes inflammation of the alveoli.
pneumonia
55,1,2
871
People
This bacteriologist experimented with bacterial
transformation in Streptococcus.
Frederick Griffith
55,1,2
872
People
This molecular biologist discovered that genes and
chromosomes are made of DNA.
Oswald Avery
55,2,2
873
Cell Types
This virus infects and replicates within bacteria.
bacteriophage
56,2,3
874
Processes
This technique tracks substances using radioactive
labeling.
radiolabeling
57,1,2
875
Processes
This process uses the force of rotation to separate
mixtures by density.
centrifugation
57,1,2
876
Processes
Mixtures that can be separated and identified using
paper chromatography must have this characteristic.
can be colored with dyes
57,1,3
877
Qualities
This physical structure characterizes DNA and RNA.
double helix
57,2,2
878
People
These two scientists discovered the double helix
structure of DNA.
James Watson and Francis Crick
57,2,2
879
Qualities
This physical difference distinguishes the S- and Rstrains of S. pneumoniae.
smooth versus rough
55,1,2
880
Cellular
Structures
The R-strain of S. pneumoniae lacks this protective
mechanism.
a polysaccharide capsule
55,1,2
881
Processes
Frederick Griffith hypothesized that the S-strain of S.
pneumoniae could have this effect on the R-strain.
transformation into a virulent
strain
55,1,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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882
Qualities
Isolating the transforming material from Frederick
Griffith’s experiments in a test tube provided these
three benefits.
simplicity, control, and reliability
55,2,1
883
Processes
Oswald Avery studied Pneumococcus bacteria for
this purpose.
to develop a treatment for
pneumonia
55,2,2
884
Molecules
Oswald Avery believed that this molecule in
carbohydrate
55,2,2
Pneumococcus caused a human immune response.
885
Cell Types
Oswald Avery studied the polysaccharides of this
strain of Pneumococcus.
the S-strain
55,2,2
886
Processes
This function is the purpose of the DNAse enzyme.
to digest DNA
56,2,2
887
Ideas
This byproduct of World War I contributed to the
discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
trench warfare
54,1,2
888
Diseases
This disease spread across Europe in a 1918 epidemic.
influenza
54,2,1
889
Diseases
This reason was the main cause of death of victims
of the influenza epidemic.
bacterial infections
54,2,1
890
Numbers
The death toll from the 1918 flu epidemic is thought
to fall within this range of estimates.
between 50 and 100 million
54,2,1
891
Diseases
This bacterium was responsible for most of the
deaths of the 1918 flu epidemic.
Streptococcus pneumonia
54,2,2
892
Places
Frederick Griffith was of this nationality.
British
55,1,2
893
Qualities
These are the two strains of the S. pneumoniae
bacteria.
S-strain and R-strain
55,1,2
894
Cellular
Structures
The S-strain of S. pneumoniae contained this type of
capsule.
smooth polysaccharide
55,1,2
895
Processes
The S-strain of S. pneumoniae’s capsule interacted
with the human immune system in this manner.
protection of the bacteria from
the host’s immune system
55,1,2
896
Organisms
Frederick Griffith used these animals in his research
on S. pneumoniae.
mice
55,1,2
897
Processes
Injecting mice with pure R-strain S. pneumoniae
produced this outcome.
mice’s survival of the infection
55,1,2
898
Qualities
These two traits characterize pure R-strain S.
pneumoniae.
rough and non-virulent
55,1,2
899
Processes
Griffith heated the S-strain of S. pneumoniae before
injection in his experiments for this purpose.
to kill the bacteria
55,1,2
900
Processes
Griffith’s experimental subjects died when given this
combination of S. pneumoniae strains.
heated S-strain and R-strain
55,1,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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901
People
This scientist coined the term “transforming
principle”.
Frederick Griffith
55,1,2
902
Processes
This pure strain of S. pneumoniae killed Griffith’s
test subjects upon injection.
smooth S-strain
55,Figure 40
903
Places
Michael Dawson and Richard Sia worked at this
American university.
Columbia University
55,2,1
904
Numbers
Dawson and Sia performed their transformation
experiment this many years after Griffith’s original
work.
three
55,2,1
905
Processes
Dawson and Sia performed their transformation
experiment in this laboratory environment.
a test tube
55,2,1
906
Places
Oswald Avery worked at this American university.
Rockefeller University
55,2,1
907
Molecules
Oswald Avery studied this component of the virulent
Pneumococcus bacterium capsule.
the carbohydrate
55,2,2
908
Qualities
Oswald Avery chose to study the carbohydrate
component of the capsule of the Pneumococcus
bacterium for this reason.
the lack of this capsule in nonvirulent Pneumococcus
55,2,2
909
Molecules
Oswald Avery believed that this part of
Pneumococcus was an antigen.
the polysaccharides in the capsule
55,2,2
910
Qualities
Oswald Avery had to prove the presence of this trait
in his Pneumococcus subjects as part of the
purification process.
that it was biologically active in
the test tube
56,1,1
911
Qualities
Oswald Avery noticed this effect on transforming
activity as he diluted the S-strain in his
Pneumococcus solution.
decrease in transforming activity
56,1,1
912
Molecules
DNA forms fibrous strands when mixed with this
solvent.
ethanol
56,1,2
913
People
Oswald Avery collaborated with these two scientists
in studying the “transforming substance”.
Colin MacLeod and Maclyn
McCarty
56,1,2
914
Molecules
Oswald Avery found this element to be a major
component of the transforming substance.
phosphorus
56,2,1
915
Molecules
This type of molecule that is thought to be linked to
genetic material does not contain phosphorus.
protein
56,2,1
916
Cellular
Structures
Oswald Avery’s team subjected the transforming
substance to these three enzymes without producing
any effect.
protein-, carbohydrate-, and RNAdigestive enzymes
56,2,2
917
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme inactivated the transforming substance
molecule in Oswald Avery’s experiments.
DNAse
56,2,2
918
Molecules
During Oswald Avery’s time, these molecules were
believed to be the base genetic material.
proteins
56,2,2
919
Places
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase worked at this
laboratory.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
56,2,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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920
Cell Types
Bacteriophages are this type of biological agent.
virus
56,2,3
921
Cell Types
Hershey and Chase labeled this type of molecule in
their experiments with radioactive markers.
bacteriophage
56,Figure41
922
Molecules
Hershey and Chase used these two radioactive
elements in their experiments.
sulfur and phosphorus
56,Figure 41
923
Cell Types
Hershey and Chase used this species of bacteria as
the host cell for their experiments.
E. coli
56,Figure 41
924
Molecules
Hershey and Chase’s experiment showed that this
molecule remains outside the host cell during
bacteriophage infection.
proteins
56,Figure 41
925
Cellular
Structures
Hershey and Chase’s experiment showed that this
molecule enters the host cell during bacteriophage
infection.
DNA
56,Figure 41
926
Cellular
Structures
Phosphorus tags attached to this part of the
bacteriophage in Hershey and Chase’s experiment.
the DNA
56,Figure 41
927
Cellular
Structures
Sulfur tags attached to this part of the bacteriophage
in Hershey and Chase’s experiment.
the protein part of the virus
56,Figure 41
928
Processes
The kitchen blender and centrifuge used in Hershey
and Chase’s experiments applied this type of force.
sheering force
57,1,2
929
Processes
Hershey and Chase used these two laboratory tools
to separate the virus from the bacteria in their
experiment.
a kitchen blender and a
centrifuge
57,1,2
930
People
This scientist received Nobel Prize credit for his work
on the Hershey-Chase experiment.
Alfred Hershey
57,1,2
931
People
This scientist developed the technique of paper
chromatography.
Edwin Chargaff
57,1,3
932
Qualities
Paper chromatography uses these two characteristics
to separate molecules.
chemical properties and size
57,1,3
933
Cellular
Structures
Chargaff used this type of protein to study DNA
from different organisms.
enzyme
57,1,3
934
Ideas
Chargaff noticed that the nucleotide composition of
DNA varied across this kind of animal group.
species
57,1,3
935
Percentages
This percentage of human DNA is composed of
adenine and thymine based nucleotides.
40%
57,1,3
936
Percentages
Cytosine makes up this percentage of human DNA
nucleotides.
30%
57,2,1
937
Cellular
Structures
Dogs have a higher percentage of these two
nucleotides in their DNA than humans.
adenine and thymine
57,2,1
938
Percentages
Cytosine and guanine make up this percentage of
dog DNA nucleotides.
56%
57,2,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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939
Ideas
Edwin Chargaff’s study of DNA nucleotides disproved
this popular theory.
the tetranucleotide theory
57,2,2
940
Molecules
The nucleotides adenine and guanine are collectively
known by this name.
purines
57,Figure 42
941
Molecules
These two nucleotides are known as pyrimidines.
thymine and cytosine
57,Figure 42
942
People
This scientist noticed that adenine and thymine were
always present in equal proportions in DNA.
Edwin Chargaff
57,Figure 42
943
People
This scientist isolated the DNA crystal to produce
the first image of the genetic material.
Rosalind Franklin
57,2,1
944
Qualities
The initial image of DNA was described as having
this shape.
a twisted ladder or double helix
57,2,1
945
Ideas
The principle of base pairing is also known by this
name.
Chargaff’s rule
57,2,2
946
Ideas
The principle of base pairing was important to the
construction of this model.
the double helix DNA model
57,2,2
947
Molecules
Hershey and Chase used this form of sulfur in their
experiment.
sulfur-35
57,1,2
948
Molecules
Hershey and Chase used this form of phosphorus in
their experiment.
phosphorus-32
57,1,2
949
Molecules
In DNA, the total number of purines is always equal
to the total number of this nucleotide group.
pyrimidines
5,Figure 42
950
Percentages
Human DNA contains this percentage of adenine
nucleotide.
20%
57,1,3
951
Percentages
Canine DNA contains this percentage of adenine
nucleotide.
22%
57,2,1
952
Percentages
Human DNA contains this percentage of pyrimidine
nucleotides.
60%
57,1,3
953
Percentages
Canine DNA contains this percentage of pyrimidine
nucleotides.
50%
57,2,1
954
People
This scientist’s work in X-ray crystallography
contributed to the discovery of DNA’s double helix
structure.
Rosalind Franklin
58,1,1
955
Lab
Equipment
This method uses X-rays to determine the structure
of a crystal.
X-ray crystallography
58,1,1
956
People
Rosalind Franklin was at this stage in her education
when she worked for Watson and Crick.
a Ph.D. student
58,1,1
957
Ideas
Watson and Crick hired Rosalind Franklin to carry
out this work.
improvement of the X-ray
crystallography technique
58,1,1
958
Qualities
X-ray crystallography images provide these three data
about a molecule.
size, shape, and spatial
relationship of molecular
components
58,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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959
Lab
Equipment
Rosalind Franklin produced this type of image of the
DNA molecule.
a three-dimensional X-ray
crystallography image
58,1,1
960
Qualities
Rosalind Franklin’s work suggested that the
nitrogenous bases are found at this location on the
DNA strand.
near the center
58,1,1
961
People
This chemist discovered the technique that helped to
build the first molecular models of DNA.
Linus Pauling
58,2,2
962
Molecules
This bond results from electromagnetic attraction
between polar molecules.
hydrogen bonds
58,2,2
963
People
This scientist won the Nobel Prize with Watson and
Crick for his work on DNA.
Maurice Wilkins
58,2,2
964
Molecules
These two molecules make up the backbone of DNA.
deoxyribose and phosphate
58,2,2
965
People
Watson and Crick used discoveries from these three
scientists to construct their DNA models.
Rosalind Franklin, Edwin
Chargaff, and Linus Pauling
58,2,1
966
Molecules
Watson and Crick’s model suggested that these types
of bonds hold together base pairs.
hydrogen bonds
58,2,1
967
People
This colleague of Rosalind Franklin published a paper
on their X-ray data about DNA.
Maurice Wilkins
58,2,1
968
Ideas
Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for this
reason in 1962.
the discovery of the structure of
DNA
58,2,1
969
Numbers
Watson and Crick’s model of DNA structure
suggested that one helical turn was of this length.
3.4 nanometers
58,Figure 44
970
Cellular
Structures
Watson and Crick’s model of DNA suggested that the
sugar-phosphate backbone had this location on the
DNA molecule.
the outside of the double helix
58,Figure 44
971
Molecules
These proteins package DNA into nucleosomes.
histones
59,1,2
972
Cellular
Structures
These gene segments are removed before the
translation of mRNA.
introns
59,1,2
973
Cellular
Structures
The chromosome of prokaryotes takes this form.
a single circular DNA molecule
59,1,1
974
Cellular
Structures
The DNA of prokaryotes is found in this region.
the nucleoid region
59,1,1
975
Numbers
E. coli contains about this many nucleotides.
one million
59,1,1
976
Numbers
E. coli contains about this many genes.
three thousand
59,1,1
977
Qualities
This term refers to cells with only one copy of each
gene.
haploid
59,1,1
978
Molecules
These proteins wrap around DNA molecules in
eukaryotic cells.
histone proteins
59,1,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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979
Numbers
The human genome contains about this many genes.
22,000
59,1,2
980
Cellular
Structures
These are the coding regions of the human genome.
exons
59,1,2
981
Cellular
Structures
The cell’s mRNA contains only these segments of the
human genome.
exons
59,1,2
982
Cellular
Structures
This “language” is composed of adenine, thymine,
guanine, and cytosine.
genetic code
59,1,3
983
Cellular
Structures
This mRNA segment includes three nucleotides.
a codon
59,1,3
984
Numbers
The four nucleotides can form this many codon
combinations.
64
59,2,1
985
Cellular
Structures
These codons do not code for any amino acids.
stop codons
59,2,2
986
Cellular
Structures
This codon signals the beginning of protein synthesis
or translation.
start codon
59,2,2
987
Cellular
Structures
These four letters make up the genetic code of DNA.
A, T, G, and C
59,1,3
988
Molecules
Proteins are assembled from this type of molecule.
amino acid
59,2,1
989
Molecules
Each codon corresponds to a unique form of this
type of molecule.
amino acid
59,2,1
990
Numbers
The human body contains this many naturally
occurring amino acids.
20
59,2,1
991
Molecules
This amino acid corresponds to only one codon.
tryptophan
59,2,1
992
Molecules
The codon UGG corresponds to this amino acid.
tryptophan
59,2,1
993
Cellular
Structures
These three codons do not code for any amino acids.
UAA, UAG, and UGA
59,2,2
994
Processes
This activity is the function of stop codons.
signaling the cell to terminate
translation
59,2,2
995
Cellular
Structures
This nucleotide sequence forms the start codon.
AUG
59,2,2
996
Molecules
The start codon codes for this amino acid.
methionine
59,2,2
997
Processes
The process of protein synthesis is also known by
this name.
translation
59,2,2
998
Ideas
This model proposed the “one old plus one new”
pattern of DNA replication.
semiconservative model
60,1,2
999
People
These two biologists used radiolabeling to determine
how DNA is replicated.
Matthew Meselson and Franklin
Stahl
60,2,1
1000
Molecules
These versions of the same element have different
numbers of neutrons.
isotopes
60,2,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1001
Cellular
Structures
These catalysts lower the activation energy of
reactions.
enzymes
61,1,2
1002
Processes
This process creates DNA molecules.
DNA synthesis
62,1,1
1003
Processes
Watson and Crick proposed that the method for this
genetic mechanism could be understood based on
DNA’s structure.
DNA copying/replication
59,2,3
1004
Ideas
Watson and Crick’s theory of DNA replication was
based on this rule.
the base-pairing rule
60,1,1
1005
Ideas
In the semi-conservative model of DNA replication,
this role is played by the old DNA strands.
a template for the new strand
60,1,2
1006
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA carries amino acids to the
ribosome for protein synthesis.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
60,Figure 46
1007
Cellular
Structures
These four nucleotide sequences code for the amino
acid glycine.
GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG
60,Figure 46
1008
Cellular
Structures
These six nucleotide sequences code for the amino
acid leucine.
UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and
CUG
60,Figure 46
1009
Cellular
Structures
These two nucleotide sequences code for the amino
acid phenylalanine.
UUU and UUC
60,Figure 46
1010
Numbers
The stop codon codes for this amino acid.
none
60,Figure 46
1011
Numbers
The light isotope of nitrogen contains this many
neutrons.
14
60,2,2
1012
Numbers
The native, non-radioactive isotope of nitrogen
contains this many neutrons.
13
60,2,2
1013
Processes
Meselson and Stahl used this technique to separate
DNA in their experiment.
double-radiolabeling
60,2,2
1014
Qualities
Centrifugation separates molecules according to
these three characteristics.
size, density, and weight
60,2,2
1015
Molecules
DNA contains a large amount of this element.
nitrogen
60,2,2
1016
Molecules
Meselson and Stahl used isotopes of this element to
separate DNA types.
nitrogen
60,2,2
1017
Cell Types
Meselson and Stahl used this type of bacteria for
their DNA experiments.
E. coli
60,2,3
1018
Ideas
This theory proposed that DNA replication resulted
in the creation of one entirely new strand.
conservative
61,Figure 47
1019
Ideas
This theory suggested that DNA replication created
new DNA with elements of both old and new
strands.
dispersive
61,Figure 47
1020
Molecules
Meselson and Stahl tagged their subject DNA with
this radioactive isotope before beginning their
experiments.
nitrogen-15
60,2,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1021
Molecules
Meselson and Stahl tagged their DNA with these two
isotopes to study the composition of DNA
replication.
nitrogen-15 and nitrogen-14
61,1,1
1022
Processes
Meselson and Stahl took samples from their
experiment at this interval of time.
every twenty minutes
61,1,1
1023
Lab
Equipment
Meselson and Stahl used this laboratory tool to
separate their radioactive isotopes.
a centrifuge
61,1,1
1024
Numbers
Meselson and Stahl showed that DNA replication
conserved this percentage of old DNA.
50%
61,1,1
1025
Ideas
Meselson and Stahl’s experiments supported this
theory of DNA replication.
semi-conservative
61,1,1
1026
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme “unzips” the DNA molecule during
replication.
helicase
61,1,2
1027
Cellular
Structures
Helicase creates these two structures during DNA
replication.
a replication fork and a
replication bubble
61,1,2
1028
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme synthesizes RNA primers during DNA
replication.
primase
61,1,2
1029
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme attaches RNA primers to the replicating
strands during DNA replication.
primase
61,1,2
1030
Cellular
Structures
These enzymes function as builders and proofreaders
during DNA replication.
DNA polymerases
61,1,2
1031
Processes
This daughter strand is assembled piece by piece
during DNA replication.
the lagging strand
61,1,2
1032
Processes
This daughter strand is assembled continuously
during DNA replication.
the leading strand
61,1,2
1033
Cellular
Structures
These enzymes add complementary nucleotides to
the daughter DNA during replication.
DNA polymerases
61,1,2
1034
Cellular
Structures
These enzymes edit DNA as it is replicated.
nucleases
61,2,1
1035
Cellular
Structures
These enzymes remove incorrect nucleotides during
DNA replication.
nucleases
61,2,1
1036
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme adds phosphate to the backbone of
DNA during replication.
DNA ligase
61,2,1
1037
Molecules
This type of molecule prevents the DNA strands
from reconnecting prematurely during replication.
protein
62,1,1
1038
Cellular
Structures
This is the first genetic material to attach to the
daughter DNA strands during replication.
RNA primer
62,1,1
1039
Cellular
Structures
These structures eventually replace RNA primer at
the end of DNA replication.
DNA fragments
62,2,1
1040
Processes
The Pol-alpha type of DNA polymerase operates on
this daughter strand during replication.
the lagging strand
63,Figure 50
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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1041
Processes
The Pol-delta type of DNA polymerase operates on
this daughter strand during replication.
the leading strand
63,Figure 50
1042
Processes
Damage to a genome can cause this type of change
in its nucleotide sequence.
mutation
63,1,1
1043
Diseases
This retrovirus causes AIDS.
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
63,1,1
1044
Processes
Only one nucleotide is changed in this type of
mutation.
point mutation
63,1,2
1045
Processes
This type of mutation alters the third letter of a
triplet without producing any effect.
silent mutation
63,1,2
1046
Processes
This mutation removes a segment of DNA.
deletion
63,1,2
1047
Processes
This mutation adds a segment of DNA.
insertion
63,1,2
1048
Processes
This mutation replaces one nucleotide with another.
substitution
63,1,2
1049
Processes
This mutation moves a segment of DNA from one
locus to another.
translocation
63,1,2
1050
Molecules
This protein in red blood cells transports oxygen.
hemoglobin
63,2,1
1051
Processes
This type of mutation does not change the amino
acid coded by a codon.
missense
63,2,2
1052
Processes
This type of mutation results in a misplaced stop
codon.
nonsense
63,2,2
1053
Processes
This type of mutation results in a triplet shift for all
subsequent codons.
frameshift
63,2,2
1054
Cellular
Structures
These agents are directly involved in causing cancer.
carcinogens
64,1,1
1055
Processes
This genetic change leads to microevolution.
mutation
63,1,1
1056
Molecules
Human immunodeficiency virus binds to this
molecule in the body.
T lymphocytes
63,1,1
1057
Diseases
The abbreviation AIDS stands for this disease.
Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
63,1,1
1058
Diseases
The abbreviation HIV stands for this name.
human immunodeficiency virus
63,1,1
1059
Cell Types
Human immunodeficiency virus destroys this type of
cell.
T cells
63,1,1
1060
Diseases
This type of cell includes T cells.
white blood cells
63,1,1
1061
Body Parts
T cells form a part of this bodily system.
the immune system
63,1,1
1062
Processes
This process is a consequence of microevolution.
speciation
63,1,1
1063
Processes
A point mutation results in one of these four
changes to a nucleotide.
deletion, addition, substitution, or
translocation
63,1,2
1064
Processes
This s the most common type of mutation in DNA.
a point mutation
63,1,2
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1065
Cellular
Structures
These four nucleotide sequences code for the amino
acid proline.
CCC, CCA, CCU, and CCG
63,1,2
1066
Cell
Structures
This part of the nucleotide sequence does not affect
the codon product for many amino acids.
the third letter of a codon
63,1,2
1067
Cellular
Structures
This result is a potential consequence of adding an
incorrect amino acid to a protein.
a nonfunctional protein
63,2,1
1068
Processes
A change in the amino acid sequence of the
hemoglobin gene may have this effect on the protein
structure.
creation of an incorrectly shaped
protein
63,2,1
1069
Diseases
Individuals with two copies of the recessive
hemoglobin gene inherit this disease.
sickle cell anemia
63,2,1
1070
Cell Types
Individuals with sickle cell anemia exhibit distortion
in this type of cell.
red blood cell
63,2,1
1071
Processes
This type of mutation does not alter the amino acid
sequence due to codon redundancy.
missense mutation
63,2,2
1072
Processes
This type of mutation inserts an incorrect stop
codon.
nonsense mutation
63,2,2
1073
Qualities
A frameshift mutation affects codons in this region
of the DNA strand.
downstream
63,2,2
1074
Processes
These two types of changes in a single nucleotide
result in a frameshift mutation.
addition and deletion
63,2,2
1075
Processes
These six carcinogens may cause mutations in the
genetic sequence.
UV light, radiation, industrial
pollutants, steroids, oxygen
radicals, and cigarette smoke
64,1,1
1076
People
These two biochemists discovered the biosynthetic
pathways of DNA and RNA.
Arthur Kornberg and Severo
Ochoa
64,2,1
1077
People
This scientist discovered how DNA is transcribed to
mRNA.
Roger Kornberg
64,2,1
1078
Processes
This process copies a segment of DNA into RNA.
transcription
64,2,1
1079
People
This scientist discovered the mixture known as
nuclein.
Friedrich Miescher
64,1,2
1080
Cellular
Structures
DNA was originally identified by this name in 1869.
nuclein
64,1,2
1081
Molecules
This sugar makes up the backbone of RNA.
ribose
64,1,2
1082
Molecules
These four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA.
uracil, adenine, guanine, and
cytosine
64,1,2
1083
Qualities
RNA is typically found in this form.
single-stranded
64,1,2
1084
Cellular
Structures
Modern scientists believe that this molecule was
likely the first genetic material.
RNA
64,1,2
1085
Ideas
Arthur Kornberg won a Nobel Prize in this field.
physiology and medicine
64,2,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1086
Cellular
Structures
DNA transcription transfers information from DNA
to this molecule.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
64,2,1
1087
Processes
Roger Kornberg won the Nobel Prize for his work on
this biosynthetic process.
DNA transcription
64,2,1
1088
Processes
This type of mutation, or chromosomal abnormality,
causes two adjacent nucleotides to switch places.
inversion
64,Figure 51
1089
Numbers
Nuclein was identified this many years after the
discovery of the genetic code process.
80
64,1,2
1090
Cellular
Structures
DNA and RNA differ from each other in these two
structural components.
sugar backbone and nitrogenous
bases
64,1,2
1091
Qualities
RNA is this length relative to DNA.
much smaller
64,1,2
1092
Places
Arthur Kornberg was affiliated with this university.
Stanford University
64,2,1
1093
Ideas
Roger Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in this field.
chemistry
64,2,2
1094
Cellular
Structures
Roger Kornberg’s Nobel Prize-winning work studied
this type of RNA.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
64,2,1
1095
People
These two scientists shared the Nobel Prize for
studying the biosynthetic pathway of genetic
materials.
Arthur Kornberg and Severo
Ochoa
64,2,1
1096
Cellular
Structures
Arthur Kornberg studied these two types of genetic
material in his Nobel Prize-winning research.
DNA and RNA
64,2,1
1097
Places
Severo Ochoa was affiliated with this university.
New York University
64,2,1
1098
Places
Roger Kornberg was affiliated with this university.
Stanford University
64,2,1
1099
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA translates mRNA into various
amino acids.
ribosomal RNA
64,2,2
1100
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA carries amino acids to the growing
protein chain.
transfer RNA
65,1,1
1101
Cellular
Structures
These triplets are complementary to codons.
anticodons
65,1,1
1102
Cellular
Structures
These classifications refer to the three major types of
RNA.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
messenger RNA (mRNA), and
transfer RNA (tRNA)
64,2,2
1103
Cellular
Structures
Ribosomal RNA is manufactured in this eukaryotic
organelle.
the nucleolus
64,2,2
1104
Processes
Ribosomal RNA is an important part of this cellular
manufacturing process.
protein synthesis
64,2,2
1105
Cellular
Structures
Protein synthesis involves these types of RNA.
rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA
64,2,2
1106
Processes
Messenger RNA is a product of this biosynthetic
process.
DNA transcription
64,2,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1107
Cellular
Structures
Messenger RNA carries genetic information in this
form.
codons
64,2,2
1108
Cellular
Structures
Messenger RNA carries genetic information between
these two sites.
DNA and ribosomes
64,2,2
1109
Molecules
Transfer RNA carries this type of molecule to the
ribosome.
amino acid
65,1,1
1110
Cellular
Structures
Transfer RNA carries a triplet nucleotide sequence in
this form.
anticodons
65,1,1
1111
Cellular
Structures
The anticodon UAC pairs with this codon.
AUG
65,1,1
1112
Cellular
Structures
All three types of RNA are manufactured in this
eukaryotic cell organelle.
the nucleus
65,1,1
1113
Processes
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region in this
step of transcription.
initiation
67, 1, 3
1114
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA may form double stranded
structures to carry out its function.
tRNA
65,1,1
1115
Molecules
DNA contains this nucleotide not found in RNA.
thymine
65,2,1
1116
Molecules
Adenine pairs with this nucleotide in RNA.
uracil
65,2,1
1117
Molecules
RNA base pairs are joined with this type of bond.
hydrogen bonds
65,2,1
1118
Cellular
Structures
DNA translation occurs on this organelle.
ribosome
65,Figure 52
1119
Molecules
This hormone stores excess blood glucose as fat.
insulin
66,1,1
1120
Molecules
This human hormone stimulates growth and cell
reproduction.
human growth hormone
66,1,1
1121
Cellular
Structures
These chemicals transmit signals from neurons to
target cells.
neurotransmitters
66,1,1
1122
Cellular
Structures
These membrane proteins allow water to flow into a
cell.
aquaporins
66,1,1
1123
Cellular
Structures
These ion channels are selectively permeable to
calcium ions.
calcium channels
66,1,1
1124
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme generates complementary DNA from an
RNA template.
reverse transcriptase
66,1,1
1125
Qualities
The cytoskeleton performs this function in the cell.
supporting the cellular structure
66,Table 2
1126
Molecules
These two types of proteins support the cellular
structure.
nuclear matrix proteins and DNA
condensing proteins
66,Table 2
1127
Molecules
These types of proteins speed up chemical reactions.
enzymes
66,Table 2
1128
Molecules
DNA and RNA polymerase are examples of these
types of proteins.
enzymes
66,Table 2
1129
Processes
Tubulin, actin, and myosin aid in this function.
cell movement
66,Table 2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1130
Molecules
This type of proteins works as messengers in the cell.
hormones
66,Table 2
1131
Molecules
These two proteins are examples of hormones.
insulin and growth hormone
66,Table 2
1132
Cellular
Structures
These three proteins aid in transportation around
the cell.
glucose transporter, calcium
channel, and aquaporin
66,Table 2
1133
Qualities
Defense proteins serve these two functions.
to recognize and attack invaders
66,Table 2
1134
Molecules
Antibodies perform this role in the cell.
defense proteins
66,Table 2
1135
Processes
Helicase is a protein involved in this process.
gene replication
66,Table 2
1136
Processes
Proteins involved in gene replication help perform
these two functions in the cell.
cell division and protein
production
66,Table 2
1137
Processes
Myosin performs this type of function in the human
cell.
cell movement
66,Table 2
1138
Molecules
Insulin is this type of protein.
a hormone
66,Table 2
1139
Processes
Neurotransmitter receptors perform this function in
the cell.
cell-to-cell communication
66,Table 2
1140
Processes
This process uses genetic information to synthesize
proteins.
gene expression
66,1,1
1141
Processes
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region in this
step of transcription.
initiation
67,1,3
1142
Processes
Nucleotides are added to RNA in this step of
transcription.
elongation
67,1,3
1143
Processes
The completed segment of RNA separates from the
template in this step of transcription.
termination
67,1,3
1144
Cellular
Structures
These two types of nucleotides are added to the ends
of messenger RNA to prevent it from degrading.
cap and poly-A tail
67,1,5
1145
Processes
DNA disperses during this process.
gene expression
66,1,1
1146
Cellular
Structures
Ribosomes are found in this part of the cell.
the cytoplasm
66,1,1
1147
Cellular
Structures
DNA is found in this location in eukaryotes.
the nucleus
66,1,1
1148
Processes
This process ensures that DNA can stay in the
nucleus while genes are expressed.
DNA transcription
66,1,1
1149
Molecules
Thymine in DNA transcribes to this nucleotide in
mRNA.
adenine
66,Table 3
1150
Molecules
Adenine in DNA transcribes to this nucleotide in
mRNA
uracil
66,Table 3
1151
Molecules
Cytosine in DNA transcribes to this nucleotide in
mRNA.
guanine
66,Table 3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1152
Molecules
Guanine in DNA transcribes to this nucleotide in
mRNA.
cytosine
66,Table 3
1153
Cellular
Structures
This part of DNA is used as a template for
transcription.
one DNA strand
66,2,1
1154
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme functions as the builder in DNA
transcription.
RNA polymerase
67,1,Figure 53
1155
Molecules
This RNA nucleotide pairs with adenine nucleotides
in a DNA template.
uracil
67,1,1
1156
Molecules
This nucleotide forms the tail of a messenger RNA
molecule when it travels to the ribosome.
adenine
67,1,5
1157
Cellular
Structures
These sections of eukaryotic genes code for proteins.
exons
67,2,1
1158
Cellular
Structures
Protein synthesis occurs on these organelles.
ribosomes
67,2,2
1159
Molecules
This type of RNA completes the process of DNA
translation to proteins.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
67,2,2
1160
Cellular
Structures
Messenger RNA first binds to this part of the
ribosome during DNA translation.
the small subunit
67,2,3
1161
Cellular
Structures
This part of the protein translation complex is also
called the first “docking” site.
the P site
67,2,3
1162
Molecules
During DNA translation, transfer RNA carries this
type of molecule.
amino acids
67,2,3
1163
Molecules
This part of the tRNA molecule must match with a
specific codon on an incoming mRNA molecule.
anticodon
67,2,3
1164
Molecules
These types of bonds link amino acids.
peptide bonds
67,2,3
1165
Cellular
Structures
tRNA molecules bond with their paired mRNA
molecules at this docking site.
the A site
67,2,3
1166
Molecules
This phrase refers to a chain of amino acid
molecules.
a peptide chain
67,2,3
1167
Qualities
These descriptions are the two names of the ends of
strands in DNA transcription.
3’ and 5’
68,1,Figure 54
1168
Processes
These processes are the three major steps of DNA
transcription.
initiation, elongation, and
termination
68,1,Figure 54
1169
Qualities
This word refers to for the 5’-3’ direction of DNA
transcription.
downstream
68,1,Figure 54
1170
Molecules
This type of bridge may be added to proteins as a
modification.
disulfide bridge
68,1,1
1171
Cellular
Structures
Most protein modifications after translation occur in
this group of organelles.
the endomembrane system
68,1,1
1172
Molecules
This type of molecule may be removed from proteins
after DNA translation.
amino acid
68,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1173
Molecules
These four types of molecules may be chemically
added to proteins after DNA translation.
carbohydrates, lipids, functional
groups, or metal ions
68,1,1
1174
Processes
This process modifies pre-mRNA during or after
transcription.
splicing
68,2,1
1175
Cellular
Structures
These RNA molecules exhibit self-splicing activity.
ribozymes
68,2,1
1176
Cellular
Structures
This type of nuclease catalyzes the degradation of
RNA.
ribonuclease
68,2,1
1177
People
These two scientists formulated the “RNA world”
hypothesis.
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman
68,2,1
1178
Ideas
The “RNA world” hypothesis proposed this idea.
that RNA was the first genetic
material
69,1,1
1179
Cellular
Structures
Non-coding regions of DNA transcribe these singlestranded products.
micro RNA
69,2,1
1180
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA molecule influences the expression
of genes with complementary nucleotide sequences.
short interfering RNA
69,2,1
1181
Molecules
This molecule is an energy source for protein
synthesis.
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
69,2,1
1182
Processes
This process occurs when an extracellular signaling
molecule activates a cell surface receptor.
signal transduction
69,2,1
1183
Cellular
Structures
Enzymes act upon this type of molecule.
substrate
69,2,1
1184
Molecules
This molecule is a common second messenger in the
signal transduction pathway.
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cyclic AMP)
69,2,1
1185
Cellular
Structures
These enzymes cut DNA at specific nucleotide
sequences.
restriction enzymes
69,2,3
1186
Cellular
Structures
This part of the DNA gene does not code for
proteins.
intron
68,1,2
1187
Processes
Intron portions of the gene undergo this process
during DNA transcription.
splicing off
68,1,2
1188
Molecules
These two scientists discovered that RNA has
enzymatic and catalytic activity.
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman
68,2,2
1189
Molecules
These segments of the DNA sequence are not found
in mature mRNA.
introns
69,1,Figure 55
1190
Qualities
This trait is a special characteristic of ribozyme.
self-splicing
69,1,1
1191
Processes
These two cellular processes involve ribozymes.
post-transcriptional RNA
processing and protein synthesis
69,1,1
1192
Molecules
Proposed materials for the original genetic material
on earth have included these three molecules. These
three cellular materials have been proposed to be the
original genetic material on Earth.
DNA, RNA, and proteins
69,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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1193
People
Sidney Altman shared the Nobel Prize with this
scientist in 1989.
Thomas Cech
69,1,1
1194
Molecules
The discovery of this molecule provided crucial
support for the “RNA World” hypothesis.
ribozyme
69,1,1
1195
Molecules
The restriction enzyme Hind III cuts at this twonucleotide sequence.
adenine-adenine
69,Table 4
1196
Cellular
Structures
This restriction enzyme comes from Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens.
Bam HI
69,Table 4
1197
Cellular
Structures
This restriction enzyme comes from Escherichia coli
RY 13.
Eco RI
69,Table 4
1198
Molecules
The restriction enzyme SstI cuts at this twonucleotide sequence.
thymine-cytosine
69,Table 4
1199
Molecules
The restriction enzyme Bam HI cuts at this twonucleotide sequence.
guanine-guanine
69,Table 4
1200
Cellular
Structures
Restriction enzymes cut genomes at this location.
restriction site
69,Table 4
1201
Cellular
Structures
These two abbreviations describe short interfering
RNA.
siRNA or RNAi
69,2,1
1202
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA molecule is abbreviated as miRNA.
micro RNA
69,2,1
1203
Molecules
This is the approximate length of a micro RNA
molecule.
a few dozen nucleotides
69,2,1
1204
Numbers
Micro RNA molecules contain this number of
strands.
one
69,2,1
1205
Cellular
Structures
This region is the source of micro RNA molecules.
non-coding regions of DNA
69,2,1
1206
Processes
This process creates short interfering RNAs.
enzymatic digestion of some
double-stranded RNAs
69,2,1
1207
Processes
This genetic process is regulated by short interfering
RNAs.
regulating gene expression
69,2,1
1208
Molecules
Short interfering RNAs may add this type of group
to DNA to alter transcriptional activity.
methyl groups
69,2,1
1209
Processes
Short interfering RNAs may alter newly transcribed
RNA using this process.
splicing
69,2,1
1210
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA may be involved in cancer
formation.
short interfering RNA
69,2,1
1211
Cellular
Structures
This type of RNA may help to defend against DNA or
RNA viruses.
short interfering RNA
69,2,1
1212
Molecules
This nucleotide-related molecule is a powerful energy
carrier for the cell.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
69,2,2
1213
Processes
This process uses GTP as an energy source.
protein synthesis
69,2,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1214
Molecules
The GTP molecule includes this nucleotide.
guanine
69,2,2
1215
Molecules
The signal transduction pathway relies heavily on
this nucleotide-based molecule.
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
69,2,2
1216
Cellular
Structures
ATP forms this component of the adenosine
monophosphate molecule.
the substrate
69,2,2
1217
Molecules
This abbreviation refers to the adenosine
monophosphate molecule.
cyclic AMP
69,2,2
1218
Ideas
This field uses molecular biology to improve human
life and tackle environmental challenges.
biotechnology
70,1,2
1219
Ideas
The study of genetics and DNA has produced many
advances in these three industries.
agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and
medicine
70,1,1
1220
Processes
Bacteria transfer DNA between themselves through
this process.
conjugation
70,1,3
1221
Processes
This process directly manipulates an organism’s
genome using biotechnology.
genetic engineering
70,2,1
1222
Processes
Viruses survive in hosts using this technique.
incorporating their genes into the
host genome
70,1,3
1223
Processes
Bacteria spontaneously recombine their genome in
this process.
conjugation
70,1,3
1224
Processes
Conjugation forms an important part of this process
in bacteria.
reproduction
70,1,3
1225
Processes
Conjugation transfers DNA between these two types
of bacteria.
individual bacteria of the same or
different species
70,1,3
1226
Organisms
These two types of organisms may use conjugation
to diversify their genetic material.
bacteria and protists
70,1,3
1227
Cellular
Structures
DNA translation involves these three ribosome sites.
the E, P, and A sites
70,Figure 56
1228
Cellular
Structures
This site is located in the middle of the ribosome
during DNA translation.
the P site
70,Figure 56
1229
Cellular
Structures
These two types of RNA are involved in DNA
translation.
tRNA and mRNA
70,Figure 56
1230
Cellular
Structures
The nucleotide sequence UAA serves as this type of
codon.
a stop codon
70,Figure 56
1231
Cellular
Structures
The codon sequence GUU matches with this
anticodon.
CGA
70,Figure 56
1232
Places
The geneticist Werner Aber came from this
European country.
Switzerland
70,2,3
1233
Places
The American geneticist Hamilton Smith worked
primarily at this university.
Johns Hopkins
70,2,3
1234
Cellular
Structures
Hamilton Smith is best known for describing this
important DNA-related enzyme.
endonuclease R
71,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1235
Processes
This process is the function of the enzyme
endonuclease R.
to cut DNA at specific sites
71,1,1
1236
People
These three scientists shared the Nobel Prize in 1978.
Hamilton Smith, Daniel Nathans,
and Werner Aber
71,1,1
1237
Cellular
Structures
This nucleotide sequence activates the Hind III
restriction enzyme.
AAGCTT
71,2,1
1238
People
This geneticist isolated enzymes that recognize
specific DNA sequences.
Werner Aber
70,2,3
1239
People
These two scientists discovered endonuclease R.
Hamilton Smith and Daniel
Nathans
70,2,3
1240
Cellular
Structures
This restriction enzyme was the first such enzyme to
be discovered.
endonuclease R
71,1,1
1241
Processes
This process replicates DNA across several orders of
magnitude.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
72,1,1
1242
Cellular
Structures
This type of nucleic acid serves as the starting point
for DNA synthesis.
primers
72,1,1
1243
Processes
This process separates DNA strands through heating.
denaturation
72,1,1
1244
Cellular
Structures
This DNA polymerase is named after the bacterium
Thermus aquaticus.
Taq polymerase
72,1,1
1245
Qualities
This term refers to organisms that thrive at high
temperatures.
thermophilic
72,1,1
1246
People
This scientist popularized the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) technique.
Kary Mullis
72,1,2
1247
Processes
Primers to bind to complementary DNA sequences
during this process.
annealing
72,2,1
1248
Processes
This term refers to the addition of nucleotides to
finish DNA strands.
extension/elongation
72,2,1
1249
Processes
Helicase fulfills this function during the S phase of
the cell cycle.
separation of the two DNA
strands
72,1,1
1250
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme builds short RNA primers during the S
phase of the cell cycle.
primase
72,1,1
1251
Cellular
Structures
The short RNA primers attach to this molecule
during DNA replication.
the lagging strand of DNA
72,1,1
1252
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme serves as the builder and proofreader
during DNA replication.
polymerase
72,1,1
1253
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme zips the two DNA strands together at
the end of replication.
ligase
72,1,1
1254
Processes
This environmental change can break hydrogen
bonds between DNA strands.
raising the temperature
72,1,1
1255
People
This scientist first isolated Taq polymerase.
Thomas Brock
72,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1256
Qualities
Taq polymerase was first discovered in this type of
environment.
hot spring
72,1,1
1257
Molecules
This type of bacteria, a predecessor of Taq
polymerase, made the enzyme heat-tolerant.
thermophilic (heat-loving)
bacteria
72,1,1
1258
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme is a crucial component of the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process.
Taq polymerase
72,1,1
1259
People
This scientist discovered an efficient method for
copying DNA.
Kary Mullis
72,1,2
1260
Processes
Kary Mullis pioneered this synthetic DNA replication
method.
polymerase chain reaction
72,1,2
1261
Numbers
Each cycle of PCR requires this many steps.
three
72,1,3
1262
Processes
This is the first step of the PCR cycle.
denaturation
72,1,3
1263
Cellular
Structures
Scientists must chemically synthesize this component
of the starting PCR reaction mixture.
the primers
72,2,1
1264
Cellular
Structures
This part of the PCR reaction mixture complements
each end of the target gene sequence.
the primers
72,2,1
1265
Cellular
Structures
This enzyme is assembled from the nucleotides in a
PCR reaction.
polymerase
72,2,1
1266
Cellular
Structures
This noun refers to the building blocks of a
biochemical reaction.
substrates
72,2,1
1267
Cellular
Structures
This molecule serves as the template in a PCR
reaction.
double-stranded DNA
72,2,1
1268
Qualities
The mixture is heated to this temperature in the first
step of PCR.
95º Celsius
72,2,1
1269
Processes
Heating the PCR mixture serves these two functions.
breaking hydrogen bonds and
separating the original DNA
strands
72,2,1
1270
Numbers
This many types of nucleotides are included in the
starting PCR reaction mixture.
four
72,2,1
1271
Processes
This word names second step of the polymerase
chain reaction.
annealing
72,2,2
1272
Qualities
The PCR reaction mixture reaches this range of
temperatures during the annealing process.
between 50º C and 60º C
72,2,2
1273
Molecules
This component of the PCR reaction mixture
requires cooler temperatures to bind to reaction
sites.
the primers
72,2,2
1274
Cellular
Structures
The PCR primers bind to this part of the starting
reaction mixture.
the single-stranded DNA
templates
72,2,2
1275
Processes
This word is the name of the third part of the PCR
process.
extension or elongation
72,2,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
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Qualities
Taq polymerase functions best at this range of
temperatures.
72º C to 80º C
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1277
Molecules
This enzyme catalyzes the final step of the PCR
reaction.
Taq polymerase
72,2,3
1278
Cellular
Structures
This component of the PCR reaction serves as a
leader for the addition of new nucleotides.
the primers
72,2,3
1279
Processes
The synthesis of new DNA strands is completed in
this step of the PCR process.
extension (elongation)
72,2,3
1280
Processes
Taq polymerase is added to the reaction mixture
during this step of the PCR process.
extension (elongation)
72,2,3
1281
Cellular
Structures
The initial reaction mixture does not include this
important component of the PCR process.
Taq polymerase
72,2,3
1282
Processes
The amount of DNA increases at this scale of
magnitude after each PCR cycle.
exponentially
72,2,4
1283
Numbers
30 cycles of PCR on one double-stranded DNA
creates approximately this many DNA samples.
over one billion
72,2,4
1284
Body Parts
This organ produces glucagon.
pancreas
72,2,3
1285
Body Parts
This measurement reflects the amount of glucose in
blood.
blood sugar
72,2,3
1286
Cellular
Structures
This small DNA molecule can replicate independently
of chromosomal DNA in a cell.
plasmids
73,1,1
1287
Diseases
The pancreas does not produce insulin in this type of
diabetes.
Type I diabetes
74,1,1
1288
Diseases
Body cells do not respond to insulin in this type of
diabetes.
Type II diabetes
74,1,1
1289
Qualities
Body cells become less responsive to insulin due to
these three environmental factors.
diet, lack of exercise, and obesity
74,1,1
1290
Diseases
This condition causes cells to build up antibodies
against injected insulin.
insulin resistance
74,1,2
1291
Molecules
This hormone controls red blood cell production.
erythropoietin
74,1,3
1292
Structures
Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red
blood cells from this source.
bone marrow
74,1,3
1293
Processes
This treatment attacks cancer with cytotoxic drugs.
chemotherapy
74,1,3
1294
Processes
Research in this field led to the invention of synthetic
human insulin.
recombinant DNA technology
72,2,5
1295
Molecules
This type of bacteria is used to produce synthetic
human insulin.
E. coli
72,2,5
1296
Body Parts
This organ naturally produces insulin.
the pancreas
72,2,5
1297
Qualities
Insulin regulates this component of human blood.
sugar levels
72,2,5
1298
Molecules
Insulin is this type of bodily product.
hormone
72,2,5
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
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Body Parts
A person’s blood sugar naturally rises after this
event.
a meal
72,2,5
1300
Cell Types
Insulin helps in the transport of glucose from the
blood to this destination.
all body cells
72,2,5
1301
Processes
A rise in a person’s blood sugar triggers this reaction
in their insulin.
an increase in its transportation
activity
72,2,5
1302
Molecules
Human body cells use glucose to generate this
molecule.
ATP
72,2,5
1303
Heredity
A plasmid contains this type of substance.
genetic material
73,Figure 58
1304
Qualities
Genetic material in bacteria takes this shape.
circular
73,Figure 58
1305
Numbers
Diabetes occurs in this many distinct forms.
two
74,1,1
1306
Processes
Diabetic patients require this type of regular
treatment.
insulin injections
74,1,1
1307
Organisms
Human bodies can process insulin from these three
other species.
pigs, sheep, and cows
74,1,2
1308
Body Parts
This part of the human body interferes with its use
of animal insulin.
the immune system
74,1,2
1309
Cell Types
The human body produces this type of molecule in
response to animal insulin.
antibodies
74,1,2
1310
Processes
This phrase describes the human body’s reaction to
foreign insulin molecules.
insulin resistance
74,1,2
1311
Processes
This is the result of insulin resistance.
reduced effectiveness of injected
animal insulin
74,1,2
1312
Molecules
This was the first human therapeutic protein
produced using recombinant DNA technology.
insulin
74,1,3
1313
Numbers
Bacteria divide after this many minutes under
optimum conditions.
20
74,1,3
1314
Processes
Bacteria-produced insulin provides this economic
benefit.
lower cost of production
74,1,3
1315
Molecules
This synthetic product treats short stature.
growth hormone
74,1,3
1316
Diseases
Erythropoietin treats this disease.
anemia
74,1,3
1317
Processes
Interferon treats the side effects of these two
processes.
chemo- or radiation therapy
74,1,3
1318
Molecules
These defense proteins are produced by infected cells
to aid healthy cells in increasing viral resistance.
interferons
74,1,3
1319
Processes
This technique identifies individuals based on their
genetic information.
DNA fingerprinting
74,1,4
1320
Molecules
This gelatinous substance supports bacterial cultures.
agarose
74,2,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1321
Processes
This method separates macromolecule fragments
based on their size and charge.
gel electrophoresis
74,2,1
1322
Cellular
Structures
This type of enzyme revolutionized the modern
criminal justice system.
the restriction enzyme
74,1,4
1323
Processes
This phrase refers to restriction fragment length
polymorphism.
DNA fingerprinting
74,1,4
1324
Processes
This technique is now the standard procedure for
establishing physical evidence of involvement a
crime.
DNA fingerprinting
74,1,4
1325
Processes
This type of legal dispute over a child may involve
DNA fingerprinting.
paternity/maternity disputes
74,1,4
1326
Processes
DNA fingerprinting may be used in criminal cases
for these three purposes.
conviction, identification, and
exoneration of innocents
74,1,4
1327
Molecules
DNA may be extracted from this type of cell in a
criminal case.
blood cell
74,Figure 59
1328
Lab
Equipment
This type of membrane is used in restriction
fragment length polymorphism.
Southern blott
74,Figure 59
1329
Processes
This procedure separates fragments of DNA in
restriction fragment length polymorphism.
electrophoresis
74,Figure 59
1330
Qualities
This type of DNA probe binds to DNA fragments in
restriction fragment length polymorphism.
radioactive
74,Figure 59
1331
Lab
Equipment
This type of film is used to detect the radioactive
pattern in restriction fragment length polymorphism.
X-ray film
74,Figure 59
1332
Molecules
This molecule separates fragments of DNA in
restriction fragment length polymorphism.
restriction enzymes
74,Figure 59
1333
Lab
Equipment
This type of substance stabilizes pH changes in a
solution.
buffer
74,2,2
1334
Lab
Equipment
This type of substance has a pH of less than 7.
acid
74,2,2
1335
Lab
Equipment
This type of substance has a pH of greater than 7.
base
74,2,2
1336
Lab
Equipment
This function is the purpose of agarose gel during
electrophoresis.
a molecular sieve for DNA
fragments
74,2,2
1337
Processes
This is the first step of agarose gel electrophoresis.
separate DNA fragments using
restriction digestion
74,2,2
1338
Lab
Equipment
This force pulls DNA fragments through the agarose
gel.
electric force
74,2,2
1339
Lab
Equipment
The DNA fragments are placed in this part of the
agarose gel during electrophoresis.
a well
74,2,2
1340
Molecules
Acids donate this type of ion in a chemical reaction.
H+
74,2,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
1341
Molecules
DNA donates this type of ion in a chemical reaction.
H+
74,2,2
1342
Qualities
DNA develops this type of charge when placed in an
electric field.
negative
74,2,2
1343
Lab
Equipment
DNA is attracted to this pole of an electric field.
the positive pole
74,2,2
1344
Cell
Structures
This DNA fragment in a given sample travels the
fastest through agarose gel.
the smallest fragment
74,2,2
1345
Qualities
Agarose electrophoresis produces this pattern of
DNA fragments.
a ladder pattern
74,2,2
1346
Molecules
The buffer protects the agarose gel from this
component of agarose gel electrophoresis.
the electrodes
75,Figure 60
1347
Lab
Equipment
These two objects are used to create an electric field
in agarose gel electrophoresis.
a negative and positive electrode
75,Figure 60
1348
Qualities
This characteristic of agarose gel allows DNA to
travel through it.
porosity
75,Figure 61
1349
Processes
This point mutation results in a single nucleotide
difference within a species.
single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP )
75,1,1
1350
Ideas
This research project completed in 2003 mapped the
entirety of human DNA.
Human Genome Project
75,1,1
1351
Numbers
The domestication of animals and plants began
approximately this many years ago.
10,000
75,2,1
1352
Processes
This process was the first situation in which humans
attempted to genetically modify other species.
the domestication of animals and
plants
75,2,1
1353
Processes
Humans historically bred plants selectively for these
four reasons.
increasing food production,
maintaining companion animals,
entertainment, and fighting wars
75,2,1
1354
People
This scientist hoped that his garden pea experiments
would serve a commercial purpose.
Gregor Mendel
75,2,1
1355
Organisms
Charles Darwin bred this type of bird.
pigeon
75,2,1
1356
People
This scientist coined the term “natural selection”.
Charles Darwin
75,2,1
1357
Processes
Pre-modern artificial selection solely focused on these
two natural processes.
breeding and grafting
75,2,1
1358
Heredity
Pre-modern animal breeding was based on the
observance of this physical characteristic.
phenotypes
75,2,1
1359
Body Parts
DNA is primarily recovered from these five sources
in crime scenes.
hair, saliva, blood, sperm, and
fabrics
75,1,2
1360
Processes
These two modern processes result from artificial
selection.
producing rare therapeutics and
biomedical research
75,2,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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Cell Types
Genetically modified genes must be inserted into one
of these two places.
the germ line or the newly
fertilized egg
75,2,3
1362
Cellular
Structures
This word is another name for cloned DNA.
the transgene
76,1,1
1363
Cell Types
These are two other names for the female and male
sex cells.
sperm and oocyte
76,1,1
1364
Cell Types
An oogonia produces these cells during meiosis.
oocytes
76,1,1
1365
Heredity
This type of gene carrier sometimes transmits
diseases.
a vector
76,1,1
1366
Processes
This process transfers genes into a new organism
using a virus.
retrovirus infection
76,1,1
1367
Cell Types
This type of embryonic cell may be used to
genetically modify a multicellular organism.
stem cells
76,1,1
1368
Qualities
Genetically modified organisms may improve
agriculture in these five ways.
increased production, resistance
to pests and disease, tolerance ,
and nutrient content, and
reduced cost
76,1,2
1369
Processes
Genetically modified organisms may induce this type
of reaction in humans.
an allergic reaction
76,1,2
1370
Ideas
Humans have genetically modified other species since
this advancement.
domestication of plants and
animals
75,2,1
1371
Cellular
Structures
This type of gene is transferred naturally between
organisms.
transgene
76,1,1
1372
Organisms
This kind of agent carries and transmits pathogens.
vector
76,1,1
1373
Cell Types
This virus replicates in a host cell through reverse
transcription.
retrovirus
76,1,1
1374
Organisms
The genetic material of this type of organism has
been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
genetically modified organism
(GMO)
76,1,2
1375
Ideas
This massive undertaking successfully sequenced
samples of the human genetic code.
the Human Genome Project
(HGP)
75,1,1
1376
Percentages
All human beings share this percentage of their
nucleotides.
99.9%
75,1,1
1377
Numbers
Individual humans have this many variations in their
DNA base pairs.
3.1 million
75,1,1
1378
Numbers
Each human being has this many haploid sets of
chromosomes.
23
75,1,1
1379
Processes
This type of mutation results in most of the base
pair differences between human beings.
single point mutation
75,1,1
1380
Processes
This phenomenon is responsible for most genetic
variation among human beings.
single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP)
75,1,1
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
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Processes
This process removes most single point mutations.
cutting out by restriction
enzymes
75,1,1
1382
Processes
This process is the first step in DNA identification
after obtaining a DNA sample from a crime scene.
amplifying the sample using PCR
75,1,1
1383
Organisms
This type of twins develops from a single fertilized
egg.
monozygotic twins
76,2,2
1384
Organisms
This type of twins develops from two separate
fertilized eggs.
dizygotic twins
76,2,2
1385
Ideas
This field studies chemical compounds that can
modify genes.
epigenetics
76,2,2
1386
Processes
This process adds a methyl group to DNA.
DNA methylation
77,1,1
1387
Molecules
This group contains one carbon atom bonded to
three hydrogen atoms.
methyl group
77,1,2
1388
Processes
This process occurs when epigenetic chemicals cause
histones to bind more tightly or loosely.
histone modification
77,1,3
1389
Qualities
This name for identical twins is derived from the
nature of their fertilization.
monozygotic
76,1,2
1390
Numbers
A womb with identical twins contains this many
fertilized eggs.
one
76,2,2
1391
Ideas
This preposition is described by the Greek root “epi”.
above or on top of
76,2,2
1392
Cellular
Structures
These structures are nearly identical in monozygotic
twins.
their genes and genomes
76,2,2
1393
Cell Types
This type of cell controls whether traits are passed
down to the next generation.
germ cell
76,2,2
1394
Processes
Chemicals that can modify genes arise primarily from
these three sources.
food, medicine, and
environmental pollutants
76,2,3
1395
Processes
Chemicals influence our genes through these two
processes.
DNA methylation and histone
modification
77,1,1
1396
Molecules
This functional group has the formula CH3.
methyl group
77,1,2
1397
Molecules
The backbone of DNA contains these two molecules.
phosphate and sugar
77,1,2
1398
Processes
DNA methylation has this effect on genes.
turning them on or off
77,1,2
1399
Processes
DNA methylation interferes with this cellular process.
DNA transcription
77,1,2
1400
Molecules
Histone is this type of molecule.
a protein
77,1,3
1401
Processes
Histone serves this purpose in the nucleus.
packaging DNA into
chromosomes
77,1,3
1402
Processes
Histone is found in this place in the nucleus.
wrapped around DNA strands
77,1,3
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
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Processes
Epigenetic chemicals have this effect on histone.
force it to bind more tightly or
loosely to DNA
77,1,3
1404
Processes
This reaction is the ultimate effect of histone
modification.
turning genes on or off
77,1,3
1405
Cellular
Structures
Histone modification may cause diseases if it affects
this portion of a gene.
the coding region
77,1,3
1406
Processes
These two natural processes affect epigenetic
mechanisms.
development and aging
77,Figure 64
1407
Diseases
Epigenetic modification may result in these four
types of illness.
cancer, autoimmune disease,
mental disorders, and diabetes
77,Figure 64
1408
Qualities
This process is the source of methyl groups that may
result in DNA methylation.
diet
77,Figure 64
1409
Cellular
Structures
These factors can access a gene when the histone
protein around a gene is unwrapped.
transcription factors
77,1,3
1410
People
This scientist created the first genetic linkage map of
fruit flies.
Alfred Sturtevant
77,2,2
1411
People
This scientist won a Nobel Prize for developing
techniques to sequence DNA.
Frederick Sanger
77,2,2
1412
Processes
This process produces genetically identical
individuals.
cloning
77,2,2
1413
People
This scientist oversaw the sequencing of the cystic
fibrosis gene.
Francis Collins
78,1,3
1414
Organisms
Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic map of
this species.
fruit flies
77,2,2
1415
Numbers
Frederick Sanger received this many Nobel Prizes.
two
77,2,2
1416
Processes
Frederick Sanger received a Nobel Prize for
researching this technique.
DNA sequencing
77,2,2
1417
Places
This center dedicated to genetic research was
founded in 1989.
National Center for Human
Genome Research
78,1,1
1418
People
This scientist was the first director of the National
Center for Human Genome Research.
James Watson
78,1,1
1419
Places
These two government agencies primarily funded the
National Center for Human Genome Research.
the National Institutes of Health
and the Department of Energy
78,1,1
1420
Numbers
This dollar amount was the original dollar budget of
the Human Genome Project.
$3 billion
78,1,1
1421
Numbers
The Human Genome Project was intended to last
this many years.
15
78,1,1
1422
Ideas
The Human Genome Project had these three original
goals.
sequence the entire human
genome, create a gene location
map, and create a product linkage
map
78,1,2
SCIENCE FLASHCARDS
DEMIDEC RESOURCES ©2013
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People
This individual founded Celera Genomics.
J. Craig Venter
78,1,2
1424
Percentages
By June 2000, this percentage of the human genome
had been sequenced.
90%
78,1,3
1425
People
This scientist was the second director of the Human
Genome Project.
Francis Collins
78,1,3
1426
Cellular
Structures
This chromosome is the largest.
chromosome #1
78,2,1
1427
Cellular
Structures
This chromosome is the smallest.
Y chromosome
78,2,1
1428
Numbers
The human genome contains this many nucleotides.
3.1 billion
78,1,4
1429
Numbers
Each human being has this many genes.
22,500
78,1,4
1430
Numbers
Each gene contains approximately this many base
pairs.
3,000
78,1,4
1431
Percentages
Coding regions form this percentage of the human
genome.
2%
78,1,4
1432
Percentages
This percentage of the human genome contains
repeated non-coding sequences.
5%
78,2,1
1433
Cellular
Structures
This chromosome contains the most genes.
chromosome #1
78,2,1
1434
Numbers
Chromosome Y contains this many genes.
2,00
78,2,1
1435
Numbers
Chromosome #1 contains this many genes.
3,000
78,2,1
1436
Organisms
Humans share most of their gene families with these
two animals.
flies and round worms
78,2,1
1437
Qualities
This germ line contains a higher frequency of
mutation.
Male
78,2,1
1438
Percentages
This percentage of the Human Genome Project
budget was set aside to research ethical, legal, and
social consequences.
5%
78,2,2
1439
Ideas
This branch of philosophy deals with right and
wrong conduct.
ethics
78,2,2
1440
Ideas
This field studies the interaction of DNA and
proteins.
functional genomics
79,1,2
1441
Ideas
This field uses genomic project data to describe gene
interactions.
functional genomics
79,1,2
1442
Heredity
An organism can inherit these characteristics.
traits
6,1,1
1443
Ideas
This field of study examines how parents pass on
traits to offspring.
heredity
6,1,1