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Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Aims:
 Describe the basic steps of protein synthesis
 Differentiate transcription and translation
 Explain how nucleic acids code for proteins
Agenda:
 Switched at Birth!
 Diagram Debrief
 Animations
 Poll
 Cracking the Code
 Test Wizard
Engage: Battle over babies…Have students read switched at birth story at
http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2007/10/03/breaking-news-babies-switched-at-birth/. Ask students
what made the couples suspicious, and then what evidence proved their suspicions. How does DNA
determine our traits? Explain that today’s lesson on protein synthesis will answer this question.
Explain
 Doc Cam diagram for Transcription vs. Translation, Nucleus vs. Ribosome, DNA vs. RNA
 Whole-class animation for a better look at transcription, translation, tRNA and codon
o http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/models/eukTranscription.swf
o http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/models/eukTranscription.swf
 How does cell conserve materials? Distinguish tRNA and mRNA? What might that protein do?
 Check for understanding with TW, whiteboards or poll
o Sequence of three mRNA bases is a…
o The molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome…
o The organelle that makes polypeptides…
o How many amino acids from 30 bases?
Explore
 So, we know WHAT happens – DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated by ribosomes into a
protein, but HOW is the RNA code or language (A, U, G, C) translated into the language of aa?
 What would you need to translate or decode any language? A dictionary....
 Show students codon table from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/rna-genetic-code.swf
o Elicit three letter codon sequence, amino acids, 20 total, start and stop codes
o How can we get so many proteins from just 20 amino acids?
o Why is this considered universal? A code?
o I-We decoding.
 Students try it on their own at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/
Extend
 Baby Case Study
 Doc cam responses
Evaluate:
 MC questions on Test Wizard
 Students self-correct with blog link to animations of transcription and translation:
o http://lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Protein%20Synthesis.html
o http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf
o http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Do Now
1. Label and annotate the diagram below. Don’t forget a caption!
2. Complete the table below
Process
Location in Cell
Starting Materials
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
3. DNA 

Protein

Resulting Product
Importance
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cracking the Code
1. Practice your code-breaking skills using the Cracking the Code link on the blog.
2. The following table shows the DNA sequences for a hair color protein in two babies. Use your
understanding of protein synthesis to “crack the code” below:
Baby Joe
DNA
A A G
Baby Jim
C T C
T A C
AG C
C T C
A A T
C T G
TAC
ACC
C T C
mRNA
Amino Acids
3. Baby Joe and Baby Jim have different hair color. Explain why using evidence from the table and
your knowledge of protein synthesis.
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Cells
Evaluate
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Use your knowledge of protein synthesis to explain why our traits depend on our DNA. The following words
may be helpful:
DNA
Genetic code
Instructions
Protein
Traits
Base sequence
Amino acid sequence
RNA
Nucleus
Transcription
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Translation
Amino acid
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Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
Notes
The flow of genetic information in the cell is as follows:
________________ ____________________ is the process of building proteins. DNA contains the
____________________ for building proteins using ____________ ______________ as building blocks.
The sequence of _________________ in DNA determines the sequence of bases in __________
which determines the sequence of _____________ ___________ in protein which determines the
____________________ of the protein. The proteins determine the ______________________ of an
organism.
There are two steps to the process of protein synthesis:
1.
During __________________ RNA that is complementary to DNA is made. This process
happens in the ________________. The instructions in DNA are transferred to or rewritten as
RNA, which acts as a ___________________ and carries the instructions to the
___________________.
2.
During__________________ the ribosome uses the instructions carried by _______ to put
together amino acids in the right order and build a protein. There are ________ different
amino acids. Each protein is made of ___________________ or ______________________ of
amino acids. There are _________________ proteins in the human genome.
The genetic code is said to be ______________________ because the same four _____________ are
found in the DNA of all living things
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Practice: Protein Synthesis
Directions: Identify each statement refers as true or false.
____
The ribosome and DNA interact to produce protein.
____
The ribosome puts amino acids together to produce a protein.
____
RNA acts as a messenger for DNA.
____
DNA leaves the nucleus.
____
RNA leaves the nucleus.
____
The order of amino acids is not important.
____
Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
____
Translation occurs in the nucleus.
Directions: Identify whether each statement refers to transcription, translation and/or replication .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Happens in the nucleus
Involves DNA.
Enzymes are involved.
Happens in the ribosome
Involves RNA.
Amino acids are joined together.
RNA is produced.
Happens in the cell.
DNA is produced.
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Directions: Put the steps of protein synthesis in order.
1. Amino acids are bonded together. ____
2. DNA is used to make RNA.
____
3. RNA travels to the ribosome.
____
4. RNA leaves the nucleus.
____
Directions: Label the diagram below with the names of important molecules, organelles and processes
involved in protein synthesis. The following terms should be used: RNA, DNA, ribosome, nucleus, amino
acid, transcription, translation, cell.
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. Thymine
B. Cytosine
C. Guanine
D. Uracil
A. Cellular Respiration – Sugar
B. Protein Synthesis – DNA
C. Photosynthesis – Glucose
D. DNA Replication – RNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Exit Slip
1. Complete the Venn Diagram of transcription and translation using the terms below:
Protein Synthesis
Cell
DNA
RNA
Protein
Nucleus
Genetic Code
Ribosome
Messenger
Amino acids
2. Scientists seeking to determine which molecule is responsible for the transmission of characteristics
from one generation to the next knew that the molecule must complex enough to determine an
organism’s traits. Explain how DNA meets this criterion using your knowledge of DNA structure and
protein synthesis. The following words may be helpful:
DNA
Genetic code
Instructions
Protein
Traits
Base sequence
Amino acid sequence
RNA
Nucleus
Transcription
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Translation
Amino acid
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Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
Do Now
1.
Put the steps of protein synthesis in order:




Amino acids are bonded together.
DNA is used to make RNA.
RNA travels to the ribosome.
RNA leaves the nucleus.
____
____
____
____
2. For the following DNA sequence, determine the complementary RNA sequence.
A T T G A C G T A C
3. Label the diagram below with the names of important molecules, organelles and processes
involved in protein synthesis. The following terms should be used: RNA, DNA, ribosome, nucleus,
amino acid, transcription, translation, cell.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
Activity: Protein Synthesis
1.
Use the key and the pop beads to build the following DNA molecule.
DNA
G A T
A C G
G T A
T
G C A C G A A C G T
A C
T
T
C
2.
Transcribe the DNA strand into an RNA strand using your knowledge of base pairing rules. Record the
transcribed RNA strand below and build the molecule using pop beads.
3.
Begin translation by locating and circling the start sequence AUG on the RNA strand you just transcribed.
4.
Use the orange chart to determine the amino acid encoded by the sequence AUG. Write the three letter
abbreviation of the amino acid here: _______________
5.
Find the blue link that represents this amino acid. This amino acid will be the beginning of the polypeptide.
6.
After finding the first amino acid, look at the next sequence of 3 RNA bases. Use the orange chart to
determine the amino acid coded for by this sequence.
7.
Begin forming a polypeptide by linking the two amino acids together.
8.
Continue building the protein chain by repeating steps 6-7: Decode the three
base RNA sequence, find the correct amino acid, join the amino acids.
9.
When you reach a 3 letter sequence for STOP…stop translating.
10. When your chain is complete, record the amino acids in order on the diagram below.
11. Answer the analysis questions:
a. What organelle did you represent as you decoded the RNA and built a polypeptide?
b.
What determined the sequence of amino acids in this polypeptide?
c.
Predict what might happen if you changed the order of the DNA sequence.
d.
Test your prediction! What happens to the protein sequence when you change part of the DNA?
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Cells
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS