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Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Aims: Describe the basic steps of protein synthesis Differentiate transcription and translation Explain how nucleic acids code for proteins Agenda: Switched at Birth! Diagram Debrief Animations Poll Cracking the Code Test Wizard Engage: Battle over babies…Have students read switched at birth story at http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2007/10/03/breaking-news-babies-switched-at-birth/. Ask students what made the couples suspicious, and then what evidence proved their suspicions. How does DNA determine our traits? Explain that today’s lesson on protein synthesis will answer this question. Explain Doc Cam diagram for Transcription vs. Translation, Nucleus vs. Ribosome, DNA vs. RNA Whole-class animation for a better look at transcription, translation, tRNA and codon o http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/models/eukTranscription.swf o http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/models/eukTranscription.swf How does cell conserve materials? Distinguish tRNA and mRNA? What might that protein do? Check for understanding with TW, whiteboards or poll o Sequence of three mRNA bases is a… o The molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome… o The organelle that makes polypeptides… o How many amino acids from 30 bases? Explore So, we know WHAT happens – DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated by ribosomes into a protein, but HOW is the RNA code or language (A, U, G, C) translated into the language of aa? What would you need to translate or decode any language? A dictionary.... Show students codon table from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/rna-genetic-code.swf o Elicit three letter codon sequence, amino acids, 20 total, start and stop codes o How can we get so many proteins from just 20 amino acids? o Why is this considered universal? A code? o I-We decoding. Students try it on their own at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/ Extend Baby Case Study Doc cam responses Evaluate: MC questions on Test Wizard Students self-correct with blog link to animations of transcription and translation: o http://lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Protein%20Synthesis.html o http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf o http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Do Now 1. Label and annotate the diagram below. Don’t forget a caption! 2. Complete the table below Process Location in Cell Starting Materials DNA replication Transcription Translation 3. DNA Protein Resulting Product Importance Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cracking the Code 1. Practice your code-breaking skills using the Cracking the Code link on the blog. 2. The following table shows the DNA sequences for a hair color protein in two babies. Use your understanding of protein synthesis to “crack the code” below: Baby Joe DNA A A G Baby Jim C T C T A C AG C C T C A A T C T G TAC ACC C T C mRNA Amino Acids 3. Baby Joe and Baby Jim have different hair color. Explain why using evidence from the table and your knowledge of protein synthesis. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cells Evaluate PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Use your knowledge of protein synthesis to explain why our traits depend on our DNA. The following words may be helpful: DNA Genetic code Instructions Protein Traits Base sequence Amino acid sequence RNA Nucleus Transcription Ribosome Cytoplasm Translation Amino acid ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells Notes The flow of genetic information in the cell is as follows: ________________ ____________________ is the process of building proteins. DNA contains the ____________________ for building proteins using ____________ ______________ as building blocks. The sequence of _________________ in DNA determines the sequence of bases in __________ which determines the sequence of _____________ ___________ in protein which determines the ____________________ of the protein. The proteins determine the ______________________ of an organism. There are two steps to the process of protein synthesis: 1. During __________________ RNA that is complementary to DNA is made. This process happens in the ________________. The instructions in DNA are transferred to or rewritten as RNA, which acts as a ___________________ and carries the instructions to the ___________________. 2. During__________________ the ribosome uses the instructions carried by _______ to put together amino acids in the right order and build a protein. There are ________ different amino acids. Each protein is made of ___________________ or ______________________ of amino acids. There are _________________ proteins in the human genome. The genetic code is said to be ______________________ because the same four _____________ are found in the DNA of all living things Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Practice: Protein Synthesis Directions: Identify each statement refers as true or false. ____ The ribosome and DNA interact to produce protein. ____ The ribosome puts amino acids together to produce a protein. ____ RNA acts as a messenger for DNA. ____ DNA leaves the nucleus. ____ RNA leaves the nucleus. ____ The order of amino acids is not important. ____ Transcription occurs in the nucleus. ____ Translation occurs in the nucleus. Directions: Identify whether each statement refers to transcription, translation and/or replication . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Happens in the nucleus Involves DNA. Enzymes are involved. Happens in the ribosome Involves RNA. Amino acids are joined together. RNA is produced. Happens in the cell. DNA is produced. ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Directions: Put the steps of protein synthesis in order. 1. Amino acids are bonded together. ____ 2. DNA is used to make RNA. ____ 3. RNA travels to the ribosome. ____ 4. RNA leaves the nucleus. ____ Directions: Label the diagram below with the names of important molecules, organelles and processes involved in protein synthesis. The following terms should be used: RNA, DNA, ribosome, nucleus, amino acid, transcription, translation, cell. Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A. Thymine B. Cytosine C. Guanine D. Uracil A. Cellular Respiration – Sugar B. Protein Synthesis – DNA C. Photosynthesis – Glucose D. DNA Replication – RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells A. B. C. D. Ribosomes Mitochondria Vacuoles Lysosomes Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Exit Slip 1. Complete the Venn Diagram of transcription and translation using the terms below: Protein Synthesis Cell DNA RNA Protein Nucleus Genetic Code Ribosome Messenger Amino acids 2. Scientists seeking to determine which molecule is responsible for the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next knew that the molecule must complex enough to determine an organism’s traits. Explain how DNA meets this criterion using your knowledge of DNA structure and protein synthesis. The following words may be helpful: DNA Genetic code Instructions Protein Traits Base sequence Amino acid sequence RNA Nucleus Transcription Ribosome Cytoplasm Translation Amino acid ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells Do Now 1. Put the steps of protein synthesis in order: Amino acids are bonded together. DNA is used to make RNA. RNA travels to the ribosome. RNA leaves the nucleus. ____ ____ ____ ____ 2. For the following DNA sequence, determine the complementary RNA sequence. A T T G A C G T A C 3. Label the diagram below with the names of important molecules, organelles and processes involved in protein synthesis. The following terms should be used: RNA, DNA, ribosome, nucleus, amino acid, transcription, translation, cell. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells Activity: Protein Synthesis 1. Use the key and the pop beads to build the following DNA molecule. DNA G A T A C G G T A T G C A C G A A C G T A C T T C 2. Transcribe the DNA strand into an RNA strand using your knowledge of base pairing rules. Record the transcribed RNA strand below and build the molecule using pop beads. 3. Begin translation by locating and circling the start sequence AUG on the RNA strand you just transcribed. 4. Use the orange chart to determine the amino acid encoded by the sequence AUG. Write the three letter abbreviation of the amino acid here: _______________ 5. Find the blue link that represents this amino acid. This amino acid will be the beginning of the polypeptide. 6. After finding the first amino acid, look at the next sequence of 3 RNA bases. Use the orange chart to determine the amino acid coded for by this sequence. 7. Begin forming a polypeptide by linking the two amino acids together. 8. Continue building the protein chain by repeating steps 6-7: Decode the three base RNA sequence, find the correct amino acid, join the amino acids. 9. When you reach a 3 letter sequence for STOP…stop translating. 10. When your chain is complete, record the amino acids in order on the diagram below. 11. Answer the analysis questions: a. What organelle did you represent as you decoded the RNA and built a polypeptide? b. What determined the sequence of amino acids in this polypeptide? c. Predict what might happen if you changed the order of the DNA sequence. d. Test your prediction! What happens to the protein sequence when you change part of the DNA? Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells PROTEIN SYNTHESIS