Download Lymphatic System Structures

Veterinary Science
The Army Within
Immune System Structures,
Components and Functions
By Tim Savelle
Agriculture Teacher
Morgan County High School
The Army Within
Soldiers
Basic Training
Scouts
Outposts
Artillery
Infantry
Camps
Roving Patrols
Sentries
Special Forces
Intelligence
Reinforcements
Supply Lines
Officers
Headquarters
Search & Destroy
Immune System
• Protects body from harmful
substances
•
Includes:
• Lymphatic system
• Respiratory system
• Gastrointestinal system
• Integumentary system
Lymphatic System
• Primary immune system component
(Disease Defense System)
•
Functions:
• To control flow of lymph fluid
• To produce lymph system components
• To filter lymph fluid and blood
Lymphatic System Structures
1. Lymph Fluid
•
Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)
•
Clear, colorless tissue fluid
•
Helps “feed” cells with nutrients
•
Moves hormones around body
•
Removes & transports waste from cells
Lymphatic System Structures
2. Lymph Vessels (capillaries)
•
Thin-walled tubes separate from blood
vessels
•
Contain valves to prevent “backflow”
•
Move lymph fluid into lymph nodes for
filtering
Lymphatic System Structures
3. Lymph Nodes
• Filter lymph fluid
•
Remove bacteria and viruses
•
Store white blood cells
Lymphatic System Structures
4. Tonsils
• Masses of lymph tissue
•
Contain lymph nodes and lymph
vessels
• Protect nose and upper throat
Lymphatic System Structures
5. Spleen
•
Lymphatic tissue located in the
cranial thoracic region
•
Produces white blood cells
•
Filters blood
•
Stores red blood cells
Lymphatic System Structures
6. Thymus
•
Lymph gland located medially in
the cranioventral area of the
thoracic cavity
• Most active in young animals
•
Place where some white blood
cells produced in bone marrow
reproduce and mature
Lymphatic System Structures
7. Bone Marrow
• Located in the epiphysis of long
bones
•
Produces white blood cells
Lymphatic System Components
1. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
• Lymphocytes
•
•
Attack specific antigens
•
Formed in lymph structures &
bone marrow
Monocytes
•
Very large
• Formed in bone marrow
•
Mature in thymus
Lymphatic System Components
2. Macrophages
• Phagocyte (eats cells)
•
Develop from monocytes
•
Eats invading cells
• Eats disabled antigens
Lymphatic System Components
3. T-Cells
•
A type of lymphocyte
•
Produced in bone marrow
•
Mature in thymus
•
Coordinate immune system
defenses
•
Kill antigens directly on contact
Lymphatic System Components
4. B-Cells
• Also called plasma cells
•
A type of lymphocyte
•
Produced in bone marrow
• Do not kill antigens directly
•
Produce and release antibodies
Lymphatic System Components
5. Antibodies
• Called Immunoglobins (Ig)
•
Produced by B-Cells
•
Composed of proteins
• Attack and kill specific antigens
•
“Lock and Key” method of attack
The Antigen/Antibody Response
Antigens – substances that the body
regards as foreign.
•
Bacteria
•
Fungi
•
Viruses
•
Parasites
•
Allergens
•
Toxins
E.Coli Bacteria
The Antigen/Antibody Response
Antigens:
•
Have unique, consistent surface patterns
•
Patterns cause body to recognize
antigens as enemies
•
Contain surface features called antigenic
determinants (binding sites)
The Antigen/Antibody Response
Antibodies – disease-fighting proteins
produced by the body in
response to a specific
antigen.
•
Have binding sites that match antigenic
determinants on antigens
•
Binding sites are chemical, not physical
The Antigen/Antibody Response
“The Lock and Key“
•
Antibody binding sites match antigen
surfaces like a key fits into a lock
•
Most antigen binding sites are keyed to a
matching antibody in a healthy immune
system.
The Antigen/Antibody Response
“Search and Destroy”
•
Antigens have many binding sites on their
surfaces.
•
Antibody molecules locate antigens and
bind to the surfaces, sometimes in chains.
•
Antibodies disable (kill) antigens
•
Antibodies block antigens from attaching to
body cells
•
Antibodies “call” macrophages to come and
consume disabled antigens
The Antigen/Antibody Response
“Shackled” Prisoners
The Antigen/Antibody Response
How does it work?
•
Antigens invade body
•
Patrolling macrophages locate, recognize
antigens as enemies, and ingest them.
•
Macrophages “read” antigens and encode T-cells
with antigen binding site instructions.
•
Macrophages “dispatch” T-cells with antigen
codes.
The Antigen/Antibody Response
How does it work?
•
T-cells pass antigen binding instructions
to B-cells (plasma cells)
•
Plasma cells produce and release
antibodies that match antigen binding
sites
The Antigen/Antibody Response
How does it work?
•
Macrophages find disabled antigens and
consume them.
•
Some T-cells “remember” antigens for
faster response the next time an attack
occurs.
Search & Destroy
The Army Within
Immune System Response
1. Primary Response (1st infection or vaccination)
•
Lymphocytes “decode” antigens
•
Lymphocytes produce antibodies
2. Secondary Response (future infections)
•
T-cells with memory stored in lymph nodes
•
Rapid response time at next infection
The Army Within
How can we help it fight it’s battles?
1. Good general health
2. Good nutrition
3. Vaccines (specific antigens)
4. Antitoxins (antibodies)
5. Immune system boosters
•
Stimulate lymphocyte production
•
Improve lymphocyte response time
The Army Within
Infantry Soldiers
Antibodies
Basic Training
B-Cells
Officers
T-Cells
Intelligence
Macrophages
Outposts
Lymph
Nodes
Special Forces
B-Cells, T-Cells
Supply Lines
Lymph Capillaries
Headquarters
Spleen
Roving Patrols
Macrophages
The Army Within