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Blood
Part 2: Blood Groups to Blood Disorders
1901 - Austrian Karl
Landsteiner discovered
human blood groups
Even animals have blood types
Blood and Genes
• Humans have 3
different alleles for
blood type
• A, B, and O with A & B
being co-dominant
and O is recessive
• Thus 4 blood types:
A, B, AB, and O
AA,AO, BB,BO, AB, OO
Genotypes
Remember Punnett Squares
Type A (genotype AA) x Type O (genotype
OO)
A
A
O
O
A O
A O
A O
A O
Blood Groups
• All our cells have
antigens (protein
markers) that identify us
• We tolerate our own
antigens but attack a
foreign antigen – How?
• Antibodies, from our
immune system, attack
antigens
Antigen/Antibody
Response
• Type A people have B
antibodies
• Type B people have A
antibodies
• Type AB have no
antibodies
• Type O have both
anti—A and anti-B
Blood Groups Summary
Blood Groups
Rh Blood Groups
• Most people have the
antigen and are Rh+
• If an Rh- person
receives blood from an
Rh+ donor than
Hemolysis takes place
• Hemolysis is rupture of
RBCs
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
*Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the
mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother’s
immune system to attack the fetus. There
are drugs that will suppress this reaction.
Blood Disorders Hemophilia
• Hemophilia –
“bleeder’s disease”
• Sex linked trait (gene
on X chromosome)
• Missing or low level of
blood clotting factors
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Sickle shaped cells
rupture easy; leave
victims gasping for air
and in intense pain.
• Is a homozygous
recessive trait – where
the heterozygous
condition provides
resistance to malaria.
Leukocytosis VS
Leukopenia
• Too many WBC’s –
caused by an infection
in the body.
• Too few WBC’s in the
body.
Blood Cells