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Veterinary Science The Army Within Immune System Structures, Components and Functions By Tim Savelle Agriculture Teacher Morgan County High School The Army Within Soldiers Basic Training Scouts Outposts Artillery Infantry Camps Roving Patrols Sentries Special Forces Intelligence Reinforcements Supply Lines Officers Headquarters Search & Destroy Immune System • Protects body from harmful substances • Includes: • Lymphatic system • Respiratory system • Gastrointestinal system • Integumentary system Lymphatic System • Primary immune system component (Disease Defense System) • Functions: • To control flow of lymph fluid • To produce lymph system components • To filter lymph fluid and blood Lymphatic System Structures 1. Lymph Fluid • Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) • Clear, colorless tissue fluid • Helps “feed” cells with nutrients • Moves hormones around body • Removes & transports waste from cells Lymphatic System Structures 2. Lymph Vessels (capillaries) • Thin-walled tubes separate from blood vessels • Contain valves to prevent “backflow” • Move lymph fluid into lymph nodes for filtering Lymphatic System Structures 3. Lymph Nodes • Filter lymph fluid • Remove bacteria and viruses • Store white blood cells Lymphatic System Structures 4. Tonsils • Masses of lymph tissue • Contain lymph nodes and lymph vessels • Protect nose and upper throat Lymphatic System Structures 5. Spleen • Lymphatic tissue located in the cranial thoracic region • Produces white blood cells • Filters blood • Stores red blood cells Lymphatic System Structures 6. Thymus • Lymph gland located medially in the cranioventral area of the thoracic cavity • Most active in young animals • Place where some white blood cells produced in bone marrow reproduce and mature Lymphatic System Structures 7. Bone Marrow • Located in the epiphysis of long bones • Produces white blood cells Lymphatic System Components 1. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • Lymphocytes • • Attack specific antigens • Formed in lymph structures & bone marrow Monocytes • Very large • Formed in bone marrow • Mature in thymus Lymphatic System Components 2. Macrophages • Phagocyte (eats cells) • Develop from monocytes • Eats invading cells • Eats disabled antigens Lymphatic System Components 3. T-Cells • A type of lymphocyte • Produced in bone marrow • Mature in thymus • Coordinate immune system defenses • Kill antigens directly on contact Lymphatic System Components 4. B-Cells • Also called plasma cells • A type of lymphocyte • Produced in bone marrow • Do not kill antigens directly • Produce and release antibodies Lymphatic System Components 5. Antibodies • Called Immunoglobins (Ig) • Produced by B-Cells • Composed of proteins • Attack and kill specific antigens • “Lock and Key” method of attack The Antigen/Antibody Response Antigens – substances that the body regards as foreign. • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Parasites • Allergens • Toxins E.Coli Bacteria The Antigen/Antibody Response Antigens: • Have unique, consistent surface patterns • Patterns cause body to recognize antigens as enemies • Contain surface features called antigenic determinants (binding sites) The Antigen/Antibody Response Antibodies – disease-fighting proteins produced by the body in response to a specific antigen. • Have binding sites that match antigenic determinants on antigens • Binding sites are chemical, not physical The Antigen/Antibody Response “The Lock and Key“ • Antibody binding sites match antigen surfaces like a key fits into a lock • Most antigen binding sites are keyed to a matching antibody in a healthy immune system. The Antigen/Antibody Response “Search and Destroy” • Antigens have many binding sites on their surfaces. • Antibody molecules locate antigens and bind to the surfaces, sometimes in chains. • Antibodies disable (kill) antigens • Antibodies block antigens from attaching to body cells • Antibodies “call” macrophages to come and consume disabled antigens The Antigen/Antibody Response “Shackled” Prisoners The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work? • Antigens invade body • Patrolling macrophages locate, recognize antigens as enemies, and ingest them. • Macrophages “read” antigens and encode T-cells with antigen binding site instructions. • Macrophages “dispatch” T-cells with antigen codes. The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work? • T-cells pass antigen binding instructions to B-cells (plasma cells) • Plasma cells produce and release antibodies that match antigen binding sites The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work? • Macrophages find disabled antigens and consume them. • Some T-cells “remember” antigens for faster response the next time an attack occurs. Search & Destroy The Army Within Immune System Response 1. Primary Response (1st infection or vaccination) • Lymphocytes “decode” antigens • Lymphocytes produce antibodies 2. Secondary Response (future infections) • T-cells with memory stored in lymph nodes • Rapid response time at next infection The Army Within How can we help it fight it’s battles? 1. Good general health 2. Good nutrition 3. Vaccines (specific antigens) 4. Antitoxins (antibodies) 5. Immune system boosters • Stimulate lymphocyte production • Improve lymphocyte response time The Army Within Infantry Soldiers Antibodies Basic Training B-Cells Officers T-Cells Intelligence Macrophages Outposts Lymph Nodes Special Forces B-Cells, T-Cells Supply Lines Lymph Capillaries Headquarters Spleen Roving Patrols Macrophages The Army Within