Download Chapter 3: Section 3 – Carbon Compounds

Chapter 3: Section 3 – Carbon Compounds
A. Building Blocks of Cells
1. The parts of a cell are made of large,
complex molecules called __________________
____________ _______________.
2. Large, complex biomolecules or
organic molecules are built from smaller,
simpler molecules called ___________________.
3. These simple molecules or monomers are like
Lego blocks, which can be used to build a
variety of different toys.
B. Carbon Compounds
1. Biomolecules contain atoms of _____________.
2. Carbon atoms have _______ valence electrons
in their outermost shell, so they can form four
______________ bonds with many
other atoms such as ____________, ____________,
_______________, ______________, ______________,
and ________________.
C. Carbohydrates – provide cells with energy.
1. Foods that contain carbohydrates are…
2. _______________________ are molecules made of
_________________.
3. Sugars contain the elements carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen in a ratio of ____ : ____ : ____.
4. ______________, a common sugar found in grape
juice, is a “single sugar” or ___________________.
5. The term ______________________ means “sugar”.
6. When 2 single sugars or monosaccharides are
joined together a _________________________ is
formed.
7. Examples of disaccharides are
 __________________ - table sugar
 __________________ - milk sugar found in milk
8. When many single sugars are bonded together
a _________________________ is formed.
Examples of polysaccharides are starch,
cellulose, glycogen, and chitin.
9. Monosaccharides & disaccharides are
considered to be ______________ carbohydrates,
while polysaccharides are considered to be
_____________________ carbohydrates.
10. Your cells use carbohydrates for _________________,
structural/______________ materials, & ____________
identification.
11. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for
many organisms, including humans. Organisms
release ____________________ energy for their activities
by breaking down glucose.
 Plants make glucose during the process of
____________________________ & use it for energy.
Plants can also store extra glucose by converting it
into ___________________. This is what trees & other
plants in our area use for energy during the winter.
 Animals store their extra glucose in the
polysaccharide ____________________, which they
store in their __________________ & ________________.
12. Carbohydrates can also be used as building
materials.
 The shells of lobsters, crabs, & insects contain the
polysaccharide _________________. Chitin is also
found in the cell walls of ______________________ and
__________________ (2 types of fungi).
 The _____________ _______________ of plants contain
bundles of the polysaccharide ____________________.
D. Lipids – store energy for cells; phospholipids
form cell membranes; cushion organs &
insulate the body.
1. Lipids are another group of biomolecules/organic
molecules which includes ______, ________________,
_________, ________ and _________.
2. Lipids ______________ water, which means that
_______________ are nonpolar molecules and water
is a ________________ molecule.
3. The main functions of lipids are _________________
________________________________________________.
4. The main purpose of fats is to _________________.
5. When there’s a lot of food available, animals
(including humans) convert/change the excess
food into _________ for long-term energy storage.
How do animals get energy when food is scarce?
6. Plants store their lipid molecules as oils; name
some common household oils. __________________
7. Why do plant seeds contain oil? __________________
_________________________________________________
8. Oils are ______________ at room temperature while
fats are ______________ at room temperature.
9. The cell membrane of all cells is made of a special
type of lipid called a ____________________________.
10. The _________ & _____________ of plants are
covered by a thin layer of _________, which is
another type of _____________. Explain what this
layer of wax does for the plant __________________
__________________________________________________
11. Do animals form wax? Site an example. ________
__________________________________________________
E. Proteins – form cell membranes; form our
chromosomes; are enzymes that allow
chemical reactions to occur in cells.
1. Proteins are long chains of __________ _________
monomers/building blocks, which bond together.
2. Functions of proteins include: (identify 5 functions)
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
3. There are 20 different amino acids that are used
to build all of our proteins & the proteins of all
living things. They are like the ______ letters of
our alphabet which can be used to make
_______________________________________ of words.
4. A special type of covalent bond called a
_____________ bond joins the amino acids
together.
5. How do we get the amino acids we need to build
our proteins? ___________________________________
6. What parts of the cow in Figure 12 are made of
protein? ________________________________________
7. Scientific name for proteins is __________________.
F. Nucleic Acids – form our chromosomes & carry
hereditary information (DNA),
help cells make proteins (RNA).
1. All of your cells contain ________________ ________.
2. A nucleic acid is made of a long chain of
____________________; the monomers or building
blocks of nucleic acids.
3. A nucleotide is made of 3 parts: _______________,
a _______________ base, & a ______________________ group.
4. A typical nucleotide:
5. DNA or ________________________ _______ carries
the ____________ code or genes of an organism.
6. RNA or _____________________ _______ receives
information from DNA & is involved in helping our
cells make proteins.
7. ______________ _________ such as DNA & RNA store
& transmit hereditary information.
8. Another important nucleotide is ______ or
adenosine triphosphate. Cells need a steady
supply of _______ in order to function. (We will
learn more about ATP later on this year.)