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Biology Unit 4 Review Sheet Name_______________________ Date______________Per_______ Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study ____ 2. Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits are called a. b. ____ 3. The chemical factors that determine traits are called ____ 4. Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are a. not inherited by offspring. b. inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring. c. determined by dominant factors only. d. determined by recessive factors only. ____ 5. When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited ____ 6. The principle of dominance states that ____ 7. When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall because a. the allele for tall plants is recessive. b. the allele for short plants is dominant. c. the allele for tall plants is dominant. d. they were true-breeding like their parents. ____ 8. The principles of probability can be used to a. predict the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses. b. determine the actual outcomes of genetic crosses. c. predict the traits of the parents used in genetic crosses. d. decide which organisms are best to use in genetic crosses. ____ 9. In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F2 plant will be tall is ____ 10. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be Tt T t T TT Tt T TT Tt TT T = Tall t = Short Figure 11–1 ____ 11. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11–1, which of the following is true about the offspring resulting from the cross? a. About half are expected to be c. About half are expected to be tall. short. b. All are expected to be short. d. All are expected to be tall. ____ 12. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called ____ 13. A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring (BBWW). This type of inheritance is known as ____ 14. Variation in human skin color is an example of a. incomplete dominance. c. polygenic traits. b. codominance. d. multiple alleles. ____ 15. If an organism’s diploid number is 20, its haploid number is ____ 16. Gametes are produced by the process of a. mitosis. c. crossing-over. b. meiosis. d. replication. ____ 17. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of Figure 12–1 ____ 18. Figure 12–1 shows the structure of a(an) ____ 19. Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA? a. ribose + phosphate group + thymine b. ribose + phosphate group + uracil c. deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil d. deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine ____ 20. DNA is copied during a process called ____ 21. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, a. each with two new strands. b. one with two new strands and the other with two original strands. c. each with one new strand and one original strand. d. each with two original strands. ____ 22. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases ____ 23. RNA contains the sugar ____ 24. Unlike DNA, RNA contains a. adenine. b. uracil. c. phosphate groups. d. thymine. ____ 25. Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA? a. ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine b. deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and guanine c. phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine d. phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine ____ 26. How many main types of RNA are there? ____ 27. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? ____ 28. What is produced during transcription? Figure 12–2 ____ 29. What does Figure 12–2 show? ____ 30. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? ____ 31. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the a. codon on the mRNA only. b. anticodon on the mRNA only. c. anticodon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached only. d. codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached. ____ 32. Genes contain instructions for assembling a. purines. c. proteins. b. nucleosomes. d. pyrimidines. ____ 33. Which of the following have been produced by selective breeding? a. horse breeds c. dog breeds b. cat breeds d. all of the above ____ 34. Selective breeding produces a. more offspring. b. fewer offspring. c. desired traits in offspring. d. transgenic organisms. ____ 35. Which of the following is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect? a. inbreeding c. genetic engineering b. hybridization d. transformation ____ 36. Genetic engineering involves ____ 37. Why is Dolly a clone? a. The source of her DNA was a single body cell. b. The DNA molecules in all her cells are identical. c. She was produced using the DNA from an adult’s egg cell. d. She is genetically identical to her offspring. ____ 38. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? ____ 39. In humans, a male has ____ 40. Human females produce egg cells that have a. one X chromosome. c. one X or one Y chromosome. b. two X chromosomes. d. one X and one Y chromosome. ____ 41. In a pedigree, a circle represents a(an) ____ 42. A pedigree can be used to a. determine whether a trait is inherited. b. show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next. c. determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive. d. all of the above ____ 43. The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that a. the most important genes are different among most people. b. no two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA. c. most genes are dominant. d. most people have DNA that contains repeats. ____ 44. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to a. make a DNA fingerprint of every person’s DNA. b. sequence all human DNA. c. cure human diseases. d. identify alleles in human DNA that are recessive. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. ____ 45. A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. _________________________ ____ 46. An organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will sometimes exhibit that trait. _________________________ ____ 47. If an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organism’s diploid number is 32. _________________________ ____ 48. Mitosis results in two cells, whereas meiosis results in one cell. _________________________ ____ 49. If a nucleic acid contains uracil, it is DNA. _________________________ ____ 50. A codon consists of four nucleotides. _________________________ ____ 51. The anticodon AGA is complementary to the codon TCT. _________________________ ____ 52. In humans, the mother determines the sex of the offspring. _________________________ ____ 53. A pedigree showing the inheritance of Huntington’s disease within a family would show shaded symbols for people with the disease. _________________________ ____ 54. A person who has Down syndrome has two copies of chromosome 21. _________________________ Completion Complete each statement. Figure 12–4 61. Inferring From which labeled structure in Figure 12–4 is structure D made? Identify that labeled structure(give me it’s name). 62. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure F in Figure 12–4. What does it specify? 63. Interpreting Graphics What is structure E in Figure 12–4? What does it specify? Figure 12–2 56. According to Figure 12–2, what amino acids do the following codons code for? AUA ____________________ UAA____________________ UCC ____________________ AGG____________________ GAG ____________________ CGA____________________ Figure 12–1 55. The structure labeled X in Figure 12–1 is a(an) ____________________. The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f). Figure 14–2 67. Inferring Is individual 1 in Figure 14–2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? Explain. 68. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 14–2, how many children of individuals 4 and 5 have attached earlobes? 69. Predicting Predict the genotype and phenotype of individual 14 in Figure 14–2. Figure 12–5 64. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12–5? 65. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure C in Figure 12–5. 66. Interpreting Graphics Which labeled structure in Figure 12–5 is a codon? USING SCIENCE SKILLS Heterozygous male guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr) are crossed with heterozygous female guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr). The incomplete Punnett square in Figure 11-4 shows the expected results from the cross. BbRr BR Br bR br BR BBRR BBRr BbRR BbRr Br BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr BbRr bR BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr br BbRr Bbrr bbRr ? Hair Color B = Black b = White Hair Texture R = Roughr = Smooth Figure 11–4 58. Using Tables and Graphs Identify the genotype of the offspring that would be represented by the question mark in Figure 11–4. 59. Using Tables and Graphs Identify the phenotype of the offspring represented by the question mark in Figure 11–4. 60. Analyzing Data In Figure 11–4, what are the genotypes of the offspring that have black, rough hair?