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BI 142 – The Genetic Century Exam 2 March 17, 2014 Name _________________________________ Advice for a good exam: 1. Read each question carefully and follow its directions. 2. Be brief! Your answer MUST fit in the space provided. A few words or a phrase may be sufficient to answer the question. Complete sentences are not necessary. 3. Write legibly! If we can't read your answer, we cannot grade it and you will not receive credit. 1. Chromosomes are most highly condensed during mitosis. Draw a mitotic chromosome. Label the sister chromatids, centromere(s), and the telomere(s). What would happen to a chromosome without a centromere? What would happen to chromosome without a telomere? 2. Why the Y? The Y chromosome has less than 30 active genes, compared to close to 1000 active genes on the X chromosome. What kinds of genes are located on the Y chromosome? What is thought to be the evolutionary relationship between the X and Y chromosomes? How do modern X and Y chromosomes interact with each other? 3. Below each of the following karyotypes, indicate the sex of the individual represented by the karyotype and the number of Barr bodies that would be present in the individual's cells. Sex __________ Barr bodies _______ Sex ______________ Barr bodies _______ 4. Fill in the blanks with the word(s) described in the phrases below describing cancer: Normal cellular genes that promote growth ______________________________ Tumor that is not invasive ____________________________ Process by which tumors develop at secondary sites ____________________________ Loss of this activity increases the rate at which mutations accumulate _______________________ Both copies of these genes are inactivated when they contribute to cancers ________________________________________________ 5. Cancer develops after a series of mutations occur in cellular genes. Next to each of the events listed below, indicate whether the event would increase the frequency of cancer (), decrease the frequency of cancer () or have no effect on the frequency of cancer (). A mutation in one copy of an oncogene produces an inactive enzyme. _______ Both copies of the coding sequence for a DNA repair enzyme accumulate mutations that reduce the repair activity of the enzyme. _____________ A chromosomal translocation places an oncogene under the control of a powerful promoter. __________ A mutation in one copy of a checkpoint control gene produces an inactive enzyme. _______ A cell is exposed to ionizing radiation. ________________ 6. The following statements refer to meiosis and/or mitosis. Next to each phrase, indicate whether the phrase refers to meiosis and mitosis. Write both is it refers to both processes. Write neither if it refers to neither process. Increases the number of chromosomes ________________________________ Chromosomes are separated on a spindle made of proteins _________________________ Occurs in all cells of the body __________________________ Composition of individual chromosomes changes ________________________ Begins later in the lifespan of human males than females __________________________ Requires homologous pairs of chromosomes _______________________________ Used for asexual reproduction ______________________________ Timing is controlled by sex hormones ___________________________ Chromatids are connected at the centromere _____________________________ Process was first discovered in human cells ____________________________ 7. An individual has the genotype AA Bb CC Dd Ee. None of the genes are located on the same chromosome. List all the possible genotypes of the gametes that this individual would produce. 8. In green meanies, the genes for green color and meanness are on different chromosomes. Neither trait is sex-linked. Green color is coded by a dominant allele G. Individuals who are homozygous recessives for the green gene are yellow in color. Meanness is coded by the dominant allele M. Individuals who are homozygous recessives for the mean gene are softies. Complete the table below, which gives the phenotypes of parents and their offspring in 3 meanie families, by adding the genotypes of both the mother and father parents. Mom's phenotype green mean Dad's phenotype green mean green softy yellow softy yellow mean green mean Baby phenotypes 9 green mean 3 green softy 3 yellow mean 1 yellow softy 5 green softy 5 green mean 5 yellow mean 5 green mean Mom's Genotype Dad's Genotype 9. Orange and black coat colors in cats are produced from two different dominant alleles of the same gene, which is located on the X chromosome. A female calico cat mates with an orange male. Draw the Punnet square describing this mating and predict the phenotypes (coat colors, sex) of the kittens. If two calico cats are produced in a litter, would you expect them to look the same? Why or why not? 10. A genetic counselor is working with families with a history of Huntington's Disease (an autosomal dominant disease), sickle cell anemia (an autosomal recessive disease) and hemophilia (a sex-linked recessive disease). As she races to her office, a gust of wind blows the pedigrees describing the inheritance of the disease genes in the three families out of her briefcase. She needs to match the pedigrees with the family histories. In each case, she is working with the individual at the end of the arrow. Help her out by writing the name of the disease below its pedigree. On the second line, indicate (Yes/No) if there is a chance that her client carries the disease allele. From her work, the counselor can identify some family members as carriers. Indicate these on the pedigree by filling in half the symbol(s). _____________________ ________________________ ______________________ _____________________ ________________________ ______________________