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Chapter 13 Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance Connection 13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 13.2 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination Autosomes are homologous Sex chromosomes are not Female carries XX Male carries XY Y chromosome only carries 330 genes X chromosome carries 2,062 genes Males and females express the same levels of certain genes found on the X chromosome Dosage compensation In females one X chromosome is randomly selected for modification 13.3 Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is inherited only from the egg cell. 13.4 Genetic Mapping Frequency of recombination is related to relative gene loci. Chromosome maps can be created using linkage data. The % of recombinant offspring produced from a cross directly correlates to their distance apart on the chromosome. Turn percentages into map units. SNP’s are differences in the individuals within a given population 13.5 Selected Human Genetic Disorders Nondisjunction leads to aneuploidy Monosomics Trisomics Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes Genomic imprinting – allele comes only from one parent Pre-natal diagnosis: Genetic counselors Pedigrees Amniocentesis Chorionic villi sampling