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Study Buddy: Evolution of Multicellular Life Part 2
Terms
RNA
Definition
Codon
Transcription
Translation
Gene
Gene expression
Cell
differentiation
Genetic change
Representations and Practice:
I. Gene Expression
1. Label the following on the diagram:
a. events which occur at each
arrow;
b. locations (organelles) where
each event takes place;
c. biomolecules produced by
each event.
2. How would protein synthesis shown in the diagram change if environmental factors
signaled for the gene to be repressed?
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Gene expression involves more than just protein synthesis. Once a protein is produced at
a ribosome, it is modified for specific function by the golgi complex. The diagram shows an
example of a specialized cell in the pancreas producing a very important hormone called
insulin.
http://ak47boyz90.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/8.png
The flow chart below represents insulin production by pancreatic cells.
Insulin Gene
(genotype)
in nucleus
Insulin
production
Proinsulin
production
Gene activation
and transcription
at ribosome on
rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)
Transports to
Golgi
at Golgi
Performs function
(phenotype)
Transports to cell
membrane
outside of cell
3. Which of the following would result if proinsulin were not transported to the Golgi complex?
a. The insulin gene would be repressed stopping insulin production.
b. Proinsulin would not be converted to insulin.
c. The amino acids that form proinsulin would build up in the cell.
d. Insulin would be secreted to the cell’s exterior.
4. What would likely occur if excess insulin were detected in the bloodstream of an organism?
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II. Types and Effects of Genetic Change:
There are many different ways DNA can change, which have varying effects on proteins and
phenotypes. Fig. 1 shows example gene mutations while Fig. 2 shows example chromosome
mutations.
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
1. Using the codon chart provided in “details to pay attention to”, translate the gene mutations
(substitution, insertion, deletion) in Fig. 1.
2. Which type(s) of gene mutations in Fig. 1 are “frameshift” mutations? Do point mutations or
frameshift mutations have a more significant effect?
3. Compare Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Discuss effects of chromosome mutations when compared to
gene mutations on an organism.
4. Compare the effects of genetic change on somatic cells vs. genetic change on gametes.
5. Refer to the Methods of Viral Reproduction diagrams in the “details to pay attention to”
section.
a. Infer possible effects the genetic changes caused by viruses have on the
phenotypes of cells and organisms.
b. Fig. 3 shows how HIV reproduces and Fig. 4 shows how the influenza (flu) virus
reproduces. The “flu” makes a person very sick for a matter of days, while HIV takes
years before making a person sick. How do the reproductive cycles of HIV and
influenza viruses compare to the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage in
Fig. 5?
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Details to pay attention to:
Codon chart:
A codon chart is used to translate mRNA codons to amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain.
EX: the codon AAA translates to the amino acid Lysine.
2014 Texas Biology STAAR EOC
Methods of Viral Reproduction
Fig. 4
Fig. 3
www.boundless.com
Fig. 5
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