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Study Buddy: Evolution of Multicellular Life Part 2 Terms RNA Definition Codon Transcription Translation Gene Gene expression Cell differentiation Genetic change Representations and Practice: I. Gene Expression 1. Label the following on the diagram: a. events which occur at each arrow; b. locations (organelles) where each event takes place; c. biomolecules produced by each event. 2. How would protein synthesis shown in the diagram change if environmental factors signaled for the gene to be repressed? 1/21/15 SCIE_BIOL_MULT2_MAT_STUDYBUDDYSE_AL copyright © 2015 CFISD 1 Gene expression involves more than just protein synthesis. Once a protein is produced at a ribosome, it is modified for specific function by the golgi complex. The diagram shows an example of a specialized cell in the pancreas producing a very important hormone called insulin. http://ak47boyz90.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/8.png The flow chart below represents insulin production by pancreatic cells. Insulin Gene (genotype) in nucleus Insulin production Proinsulin production Gene activation and transcription at ribosome on rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Transports to Golgi at Golgi Performs function (phenotype) Transports to cell membrane outside of cell 3. Which of the following would result if proinsulin were not transported to the Golgi complex? a. The insulin gene would be repressed stopping insulin production. b. Proinsulin would not be converted to insulin. c. The amino acids that form proinsulin would build up in the cell. d. Insulin would be secreted to the cell’s exterior. 4. What would likely occur if excess insulin were detected in the bloodstream of an organism? 1/21/15 SCIE_BIOL_MULT2_MAT_STUDYBUDDYSE_AL copyright © 2015 CFISD 2 II. Types and Effects of Genetic Change: There are many different ways DNA can change, which have varying effects on proteins and phenotypes. Fig. 1 shows example gene mutations while Fig. 2 shows example chromosome mutations. Fig. 2 Fig. 1 1. Using the codon chart provided in “details to pay attention to”, translate the gene mutations (substitution, insertion, deletion) in Fig. 1. 2. Which type(s) of gene mutations in Fig. 1 are “frameshift” mutations? Do point mutations or frameshift mutations have a more significant effect? 3. Compare Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Discuss effects of chromosome mutations when compared to gene mutations on an organism. 4. Compare the effects of genetic change on somatic cells vs. genetic change on gametes. 5. Refer to the Methods of Viral Reproduction diagrams in the “details to pay attention to” section. a. Infer possible effects the genetic changes caused by viruses have on the phenotypes of cells and organisms. b. Fig. 3 shows how HIV reproduces and Fig. 4 shows how the influenza (flu) virus reproduces. The “flu” makes a person very sick for a matter of days, while HIV takes years before making a person sick. How do the reproductive cycles of HIV and influenza viruses compare to the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage in Fig. 5? 1/21/15 SCIE_BIOL_MULT2_MAT_STUDYBUDDYSE_AL copyright © 2015 CFISD 3 Details to pay attention to: Codon chart: A codon chart is used to translate mRNA codons to amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain. EX: the codon AAA translates to the amino acid Lysine. 2014 Texas Biology STAAR EOC Methods of Viral Reproduction Fig. 4 Fig. 3 www.boundless.com Fig. 5 1/21/15 SCIE_BIOL_MULT2_MAT_STUDYBUDDYSE_AL copyright © 2015 CFISD 4