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Transcript
Cell Communication II Chapter 15 An animal cell depends on extracellular signals to survive or divide An animal cell depends on extracellular signals to differentiate. Without extracellular signals the cell will die Signaling molecules must be turned over rapidly; if turnover time is one minute concentration can decrease rapidly Extracellular signaling molecules can bind to intracellular receptors Acetyl choline causes release of NO which results in rapid relaxation of smooth muscle cells Signaling molecules that bind to nuclear receptors are small and hydrophobic Inhibitory proteins make receptor inactive when not bound to the signaling molecule When signaling molecule binds receptor binds DNA and increases gene transcription Nuclear receptors have a DNA binding domain Extracellular signaling molecules can bind to cell surface receptors 3 large classes of cell surface receptors; ion channel linked receptors Active Chemical Synapse 3 large classes of cell surface receptors; G protein linked receptors 3 large classes of cell surface receptors; enzyme linked receptors G-protein linked receptor The structure of an inactive G-protein Without signaling molecule G-protein is inactive G-protein binds to receptor when signaling molecule is present G-protein accepts GTP and disassemble into two active subunits The α subunit of the G-protein can be deactivated through hydrolysis of GTP Deactivation of G-protein Reassembly of α subunit with other 2 subunits reforms inactive G-protein complex Arrestin binds phosphorylated G-protein receptor and deactivates the receptor and prepares it for endocytosis DVD clip 61 Release of cAMP inside cell caused by serentonin and mediated by a G-protein Synthesis and degradation of cyclic AMP Activation of cAMP dependent protein kinase Activation of gene transcription by cAMP Activation of gene transcription by cAMP