Download Person Class Notes Behaviorism:

Person Class Notes
Behaviorism:
- Father: Watson (1913); published his article: "Psychology as a behaviorist views it"
Philosophical background:
- the basic view of human being was the tabula rasa
Method: purely objective, experimental branch of natural science (not introspection; down w/ mentalisms)
- always remain outside of the person
-- using laboratory research, especially w/ animals
10/16
3 Major types of learning theory:
Classical conditioning:
- started by Pavlov; picked up by Watson!!
- Waston's explanations for fear, anxiety.
- using exposure to cure anxiety
Exposure Therapies:
- the most effective treatment for phobias
Implosive Therapy:
- created by Stamfl
- blended a couple different theories together: psychoanalytic and behavioral
- counter conditioning-- creating a new response for an old stimulus.
** he explained this in a psychodynamic way: thought he was working with the unconscious.
--> therapist would insert many psychosexual cues into the imagined picture in order to bring id impulses to the fore.
-- when we avoid a feared stimulus, the anxiety is strengthened.
Dissociation: "mentally leaving" your body in order to deal with an extremely stressful situation.
Exposure w/ cognitive reprocessing:
- combining cognitive processes with exposure therapy.(know the woman)
Systematic Desensitization:
- anxiety heirarchies
- in vivo: exposed in the real world
- or can be exposed in imagination
- or in some combination
**Joseph Wolpe**
- thought the process was reciprocal inhibition
- did research on cats; training incompatible response
-- incorporates direct teaching of the relaxation response.
**EASY AND EFFECTIVE**
The biological explanation:
- there is a whole body response to emergency -- guided by the Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system takes over when emergency is over to return body to normal state.
- once person is trained to relax, can bring in conditioned stimulu
EMDR: Shapiro
- know about this
Operant Conditioning:
- concerned with responses and what happens after the response, and the effect that the consequences of the behavior have on the
behavior.
- reinforcer: anything that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of the behavior
Know the difference b/w positive and negative reinforcement.
[CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT]
Mower's 2-factor theory: both respondent and operant conditioning take place in all learning experiences.
10/23
Under processes of change:
Conditioned Stimulus:
-- Counter conditioning: controlling the response
-- Stimulus control: controlling the stimuli
Contingency Management:
- working with the reinforcers / punishments that come after behaviors.
*Problem behavior (as well as positive bx) develops through reinforcement.*
In contingency management, ask what reinforcers are maintaining the problem behavior? (aka: Behavioral Analysis)
Behavioral Therapy:
- concerned w/ changing reinforcers in order to shape a new bx or change a problem bx
-- note: to make a behavior resiliant, reinforce on a variable schedule.
- Shaping: is important when creating a new bx not in the client's repertoire.
-- Problems are either:
Defecits or Excesses
Defecits:
- lack of target behavior (e.g., lack of assertiveness, etc.)
Use reinforcement IN THERAPY:
- group tx very common
- token economies
- contingency management in facilities
- behavioral self-management
Punishment:
- aversive control: applied to EXCESSES
- to work: must be IMMEDIATE and STRONG
- useful w/ treatment of:
- alcoholism
- pedophilia
- other problem behaviors
*Know what kinds of problems behavior therapy is useful for. And what therapies work best.*
Behavioral Processes of Change:
- NOT: consciousness raising, catharsis, or choosing.
- YES: Conditioned stimuli, contingency management
Cognitive Behavioral:
- an outspring of behaviorism
- a simple form a cog/bx treatments:
- giving information about what is happening; e.g.: bio-feedback
- thought-stopping
- rational restructuring: changing self-statements
- stress inoculation
Social Learning Theory:
- Alfred Bandura 1970's
- we learn a lot of bxs by modeling
- built into a lot of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatments
Cognitive
- (no concrete dividing line between CB and C tx)
Ellis: REBT
*S - O - R: stimulus, organismic thinking, response.
- we do not react automatically to stimuli, we react to our cognitions about stimuli.
*A - B - C: Activating events, belief, consequence.
--- it is the thoughts that are problematic
*D - E: dispute irrational beliefs, replace with EFFECTIVE beliefs
Irrational beliefs: are absolutistic or catastrophic.
- would give homework to clients to go do what they fear (similar to exposure tx)
Beck:
- created program at U Penn
- originally worked with DEPRESSION
- 1979: cognitive tx of depression
- "Beck Depression Inventory"
- more subdued than Ellis
- more a scientist than Ellis
- Schema:
- a whole cluster of thoughts, feelings and bxs that go together
- Cognitive Triad
- negative view of self
- negative view of events
- negative perceptions of future
-Challenge these beliefs:
- in Socratic and dialouge kind of way
- so what if the bad thing happens?
- what data do you have?
- Errors in thinking:
- overgeneralizing
- etc.
- Manuals are available
- uses homework (boil and egg)
- Therefore, cognitive behavioral
Marsha Linahan p. 336
- created cognitive bx treatment for borderline personality disorder.
-- far more promising than previous methods for borderline
10/30
- there must be an emergency: I should go see if someone needs help.
- fear? What if buglar?
- Mom--freak out. Dad... Go see.
- yes.. Sort of. (DAd)
- what I would do now.
Transactional Analysis
- a humanistic therapy, a cognitive therapy, and more!
- ERIC BURNE
- trained in psychoanalysis
- decided could make his own theory
- said he "listened" to his clients; they were talking about their own experiences as parent, child, and adult.
Ego States:
- born as child, parents tell us the "shoulds"
- Parent: the shoulds, what is right and wrong; how something should be done. (the 2nd part to develop)
- The Critical P: the self-critical process
- The Nurturing P: it's ok...
- Adult: thinking, solving problems, deciding what is the better thing to do in given circumstances; rational.
- mediates between what we want, what we believe, and what we should do.
- Child: needs, wants, feelings, desires
- the most important part of personality; where all our energy comes from.
- very similar to the Id
--- Health:
- when all structures of the personalty are balanced and the person is able to transition from one to the other.
- boundaries between structures; realize when you are thinking or when they are "shoulding" or when they are "childing"
- the ego states shouldn't contaminate each other.
***The healthy family has members who all can transition between the structures.***
Structural Analysis:
- determining what part of personality is in charge in various contexts of life.
Pathologies:
- The Big P: rule-bound, dominated by the shoulds
- The Big C: completely fun-oriented, no seriousness
Transactions:
- transactional analysis is analyzing the interactions taking place between the structures of personalities.
- phenomenologically determined: each person's experience is different--even how actions are attributed to which structure of
personality and what the shoulds are.
Types:
- Complementary: one where someone sends a message and a person gets back a message that was expected.
- go smoothly, the person gets a response that is expected.
- Crossed: one where you send a message and the response is not what is expected, and may not be appropriate to the situation.
- Ulterior: when there are more than two ego states involved. There is a surface interaction that appears adult - adult, but there is
something below the surface that is the REAL message.
Games: a recurring set of transactions, often repretitive, superficially rational, with a concealed motivation.
For example, "Kick-me", "uproar", Karpman Triangle
- Karpman Triangle: victim, persecutor, and rescuer: cycles through, not static.
-- Series of ongoing, complementary transactions
-- Ulterior transactions
-- Payoff: gaining some psychological score from the game.
*People are adept at playing games and finding ppl who will play the games with them.
Positions:
- before children are 8 years old, they develop a concept about their own worth.
- also formulate ideas about the worth of others.
- decision made very early in life as to what positions to play in life
The Four:
Either I am OK or not.
Either you are OK or not.
-- the only healthy one: I'm ok, you're ok
-- the most difficult: I'm not OK, you're not OK
-- we need to help people decide to take a new position in life.
Scripts:
- the life-plan; the role that you need to play out in life
- related to decisions/positions
- written according to transactions experienced in life
- the point of TA: unearth the script
The HOW:
- Conciousness raising
- Choosing
Notes for Personality and Counseling Theory 11/6/06
-Theories are most similar in processes that they use
Levels
1) SymptomBehaviorism
2) CognitionCognitive (Ellis, Beck)
3) InterpersonalTransactional Analysis, Interpersonal Therapy (Klerman)
4) Family/System
Culture
5) Intrapersonal (usually long-term)Person-centered; Psychoanalytic; Psychodynamic; Existential; Gestalt
-Theories are most different in their content
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)Klerman
-Started as treatment of depression; also used for eating disorders
-Maladaptive relationship patterns cause problems
-Psychodynamicseeds for depression planted in early attachments
-Some interpersonal event can trigger depression (loss, new relationship, etc.) & is maintained because we don't have the skills to fix it
-Very structured12-16 sessions
-About teaching people skills
-Combination of medication & therapy is best for depression
-Consciousness raising
-Independent Eventsthings that happen to anybody
-Dependent Eventsthings that happen because of a person's behaviors
Family Therapy (in chapter notes)
-Outgrowth of General Systems Theory
-Identified Patient (IP)person who comes for therapy
-Impossible to work with children without working with family
-Systems are self-perpetuating
Communication
Healthy Family
-Self-worth of every member is high
-Communication is direct, clear, specific & honest
-Rules are flexible, human, appropriate & subject to change
-Link to society is open & hopeful
Unhealthy Family
-Self-worth is low
-Communication is indirect, vague & not really honest
-Rules are rigid, inhuman, nonnegotiable & everlasting
-Link to society is fearful, placating & blaming
Strategic centered on power
-Milton Erickson telling people to do what they are already doing makes patients counteract directions by not doing it
anymore
Double-bindyou can't win, no matter what you do
1)
2)
3)
4)
Structural (Minuchin)
-Boundaries need to be clear (i.e. parents need time alone, etc.)
-Poor boundaries cause “enmeshment”
-Big boundaries cause disengaged families
Steps in Therapy
Bring in whole family
Do activity with family (rapport)
Give family task
“Blow up” or interrupt family structure
Bowen
-Fusion of Thinking & Feeling (emotional reasoning)
-Fusion Between Family Members (members “lump” together)
-Triangulation (“ganging up”)
-Each member needs autonomy & responsibility
Material Covered on Test
-Exposure Therapies
-Systematic Dissentization
-Operant Paradigm
-Contingency Management
-Cognitive-Behavioral
-Aaron Beck
-Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)
-IPT
-Family Therapy (communication, strategic, structural, Minuchin & Bowen
-Concept of Flooding