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Download fates of pyruvate
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FATES OF PYRUVATE -Depends upon presence or absence of O2 - Anaerobic conditions: 1)alcohol fermentation – pyruvate converted to ethyl alcohol 2)lactic acid fermentation - pyruvate converted to lactic acid (cheese, yogurt) - Aerobic conditions: Pyruvate enter the mitochondria where it is completely oxidized Pyruvate -> enzyme -> acetyl group + CO2 + NADH (3C) (pyruvate (2C) dehydrogenase) From 2 pyruvates: 2 acetyl fragments 2 CO2 exhaled 2 NADH Acetyl fragment joins Coenzyme A (CoA) and enters Krebs Cycle in mitochondrial matrix We end up with what we start off with 1 turn of the cycle oxidation reactions decarboxylations ATP reduced NADH reduced FADH2 from glucose Energy Yield So Far… • Glycolysis: – 2 ATP, 2 NADH • Pyruvate Oxidation: – 2 NADH, 2 CO2 • Krebs Cycle: – 2 ATP – 6 NADH – 2 FADH2 – 4 CO2 Electron Transport Complexes • Only 3 sites that can pump protons; II can’t • Complex I – NADH Dehydrogenase • Takes H off NADH; conducts e- from NADH to ubiquinone • Complex II – succinate dehydrogenase – conducts efrom FADH2 to ubiquinone • Complex III – cytochrome BC1 – conducts e- from ubiquinone – cytochrome C • Complex IV – cytochrome oxidase – conducts e- from cytochrome – O2, THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR So far the ATP’s have been generated via substrate level phosphorylation, now it’s time for chemiosmosis: Adding up the ATP • • • • Glycolysis Krebs 10 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH 2 FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2 2 ATP 2 ATP 30 ATP 4 ATP Control of ATP Synthesis • Controlled by energy needs of the cell • Enzymes in Glycolysis and Krebs control this