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Transcript
Taste and Smell Taste and smell are involved with specific receptor cells called chemoreceptors • respond to chemicals in an aqueous solution • food dissolved in saliva • airborne chemicals dissolved in mucous membrane The Tongue Why are they important? Salty- metallic ions Sweet- sugars Bitter- alkaloids (Bases) Sour- H+ (acids) Umami- savory Facial nerve (afferent) 2/3 anterior portion of tongue Glossopharyngeal posterior 1/3 of tongue Vagus nerve- few taste buds on epiglottis an pharynx These afferent fibers synapse in medullathalamus gustatory cortex in parietal lobes and fibers to hypothalamus in limbic system Taste triggers reflex involved in digestion; causes an increase of saliva in mouth (amylase) and gastric juice in stomach acids cause strong salivary reflex bad tasting food causes gagging or reflexive vomiting taste can change over time taste is 80% smell Mouth also contains: Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors- sensitive nerve fibers that are aware of painful stimuli • Specific chemicals cause specific patterns of neurons to fire • Smell not as good as animals • Humans can distinguish 10,000 or so chemicals • Olfactory fatigue or adaptation • Old people lose sense of smell • What we really smell is pain: ex. chili, ammonia, menthol (cold) Olfactory epithelium Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Nasal conchae Route of inhaled air Olfactory tract Mitral cell (output cell) Glomeruli Olfactory bulb Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Filaments of olfactory nerve Olfactory gland Lamina propria connective tissue Axon Basal cell Olfactory receptor cell Olfactory epithelium Supporting cell Mucus Dendrite Olfactory cilia Route of inhaled air containing odor molecules Olfactory neurons are the only neurons that replace themselves loss of sense of smell • Lose sense of smell lose taste • Cranial nerve trauma • May be genetic or a cold (mucus), allergy, zinc deficiency • Phantosmia: olfactory hallucinations; may be psychological ex. rotting meat smell • Olfactory auras- prior to epileptic attack