Download 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular).

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Lap No.#8#.
Microorganisms
The Grouping of Organisms into KINGDOMS is based on three
factors:
1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic).
2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular).
3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph).
1. Cell Type
The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or
1
Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes (Bacteria);
DO NOT HAVE:
• An organized nucleus.
• One organelle.
• Euokaryotes
DO HAVE:
• Nucleus organized with a
membrane.
• Other organelles.
2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Cell Number
• Unicellular: single celled organism (protozoans, bacteria, some algae).
• Multicellular: many celled organism cells start to specialize/differentiate.
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3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Feeding Type;
Autotroph or Producer
Heterotroph or Consumer
Make their own food
Must eat other organisms to
survive(Includes decomposers –
those that eat dead matter)
There used to be only 5 kingdoms
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
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Bacteria
‫ذاتية التغذية‬
Autotrophic Bacteria
Mutualism ‫متكافلة‬
Bactria
‫غير ذاتية التغذية‬
Heterotrophic Bacteria`
‫ (مترممة‬Commensalism ‫متعايشه‬
.)Saprophytic
Parasitic ‫متطفلة‬
‫ أو انتهازيه‬Pathogenic‫(ممرضة‬
.)opportunistic
Bacterial Morphology
Bacillus ‫البكتيريا العصويه‬
Coccus ‫البكتيريا الكرويه‬
Filamentous ‫البكتيريا الخيطيه‬
Spirillum ‫البكتيريا المغزل‬
Aggregation System
‫مفرده‬Mono
‫ مزدوجه‬- Diplo
‫في سالسل‬Strepto
‫في عناقيد‬Staphylo4
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‫‪1- Coccus‬‬
‫‪ ‬بكتيريا كروية موجبة لجرام من مستعمره لبكتيريا ‪Staphylococcus aureus‬‬
‫يُالحظ الشكل العنقودي لهذا الجنس‪.‬‬
‫‪2- Bacillus‬‬
‫أنظمة التجمع المختلفة لخاليا البكتيريا العصوية‬
‫‪Arrangement of bacilli‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
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‫صورة الكتروميكروسكوبيه لبكتيريا عصويه قصيرة‬
Electromicrograph of Short rods
Escherichia coli
‫بكتيريا القولون‬
Bacilli Gram-positive bacteria in chains
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
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‫البكتيريا المسببة لمرض‬
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3- Spirillum
‫البكتيريا المسببة الكوليرا‬
Vibrio cholerae
4- Spirochete
‫البكتيريا المسببة لمرض الزهري‬
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
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5- Filamentous (Actinomycetes)
Branched bacilli
e.g. Nocardia
Motility of Bacteria
‫مثل معظم البكتيريا الكرويه‬
:‫بكتيريا غير متحركه‬
:‫بكتيريا متحركه بواسطة‬
Escherichia coli : ‫مثل‬Flagella (flagellum sn.) ‫ األسواط‬.1
)Myxobacteria ‫ (مثل‬Gliding ‫ االنزالق‬.2
Monotrichous ‫ وحيدة السوط‬-ALophotrichous ‫طرفية األسواط‬-BAmphitrichous ‫قطبية األسواط‬-CPeritrichous ‫محيطية األسواط‬-D-
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‫‪Response to Staining‬‬
‫تنقسم البكتيريا تبعا ً الستجابتها لصبغة جرام إلى‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Gram-positive bacteria‬‬
‫مثل‪Staphylococcus aureus :‬وتكتسب اللون البنفسجي‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Gram-negative bacteria‬‬
‫مثل‪E. coli :‬وتكتسب اللون األحمرالى الوردي‬
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria ‘known as’ (Blue Green) Algae
-
Cyano = Green Blue.
-
Bacteria = They are more closely related to Prokaryotic bacteria (No Nucleus)
than eukaryotic algae.
Microscopic organisms
- Gets energy through Photosynthesis.
- Cyanobacteria can be found in almost every conceivable environment,
from oceans to fresh water to bare rock to soil.
Blue Green Pigment
- Phycocyanin Blue Green Color.
- Chlorophyll Green Color .
Forms
Unicellular, Colonies and Filaments.
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Some cell types of blue green bacteria
Akinetes
Heteocysts
• Cells with resistant spores.
• Thick walled cell.
• hollow looking.
• Larger than vegetative
cells.
To
Provides the anaerobic
environment for N fixation.
• Thick walled cells.
For
Fixing nitrogen.
Note (Nitrogen Fixation)
ONLY Cyanobacteria and Prokaryotic bacteria can FIX nitrogen
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The species
Cyanobacteria
Nostoc
Anabena
Oscillatoria
Gloeocapsa
1-Nostoc
• Form: coccoi cells forming filaments in a gelatinous sheath. Often
with specialized cells called heterocysts and akinetes.
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2-Anabaena
• Similar to Nostoc, except large balls are not normally formed.
• anbaena Cells more elongate, less rounded.
3-Oscillatoria
Shape-filaments and covered by multi-layered mucilage, the mucilagenous
sheath is longer than the filament
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4-Gloeocapsa
• Shape-may be unicellular or made up of small groups of cells grouped
within mucilage envelopes.
•
The cells are oval-shaped and enclosed within mucilage.
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Algae
 Nearly 75% of the world’s oxygen produced by algae.
 One of the major food source of marine ecosystems.
 Eukaryotic, photosynthetic (autotrophs).
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STRUCTURE
Four types of algae
• Unicellular.
• Colonial.
• Filamentous.
• Multicellular.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
SEVEN PHYLUM BASED ON
• Color.
• Type of chlorophyll.
• Food-storage substance.
• Cell wall composition.
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1-Chlorophyta: Green Algae
“Green algae”
• Mostly found in fresh water.
• Contain chlorophylls a and b.
• Store energy as starch (carbohydrate).
• Cell walls made of cellulose.
“Green algae”
Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra
Volvox
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a) Chlamydomonas
Motile and Unicellular algae.
b) Spirogyra
Filamentous
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c) Volvox
Consists of many Chlamydomonas-like cells bound in a colony.
Each cell has two flagella.
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Phaeophyta : Brown Algae
Brown algae”
• Primarily marine algae.
• No unicellular or colonial forms.
• Contain chlorophyll c and brown pigment (Fucoxanthin).
• Range in size from microscopic to kelos over 50 meters long.
A)Fucus
Also called “rockweed”.
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Rhodophyta : Red Algae
Red algae”
• Contain chlorophyll d and red pigments (phycobilins)
• Mainly multicellular.
• Typically in warm marine water.
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Chrysophyta
“Diatoms”
• Unicellular.
• Contain chlorophylls a and c as well as xanthophyll pigments (goldenbrown).
• Have hard cell wall made of silicon dioxide.
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Euglenophyta
Unicellular.
• Motile (two flagella).
• Contain chlorophylls a and b.
• Mainly freshwater algae.
• Main cell wall component: protein (flexible).
Euglena
Unicellular
Nora Al-kubaisi
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