Download Quiz 2 Review Sheet

Exam 2 – Quarter 2 Review Sheet
AP Biology
Exam 1 will cover:
1. Chapter 6
NOT cytoskeleton
NOT Harvard inner life of the cell video
2. http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/
-you want to watch…
a. translation
b. protein trafficking (cis-maturation model)
c. Constitutive Secretion
d. Regulated Secretion
e. Protein Modification (lysosome formation)
f. Mitochondrial Protein Transport (a bonus question will be
put on the test pertaining to this video).
Know all bold words, figures and questions in chapter…
1. Study the Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Chart under notes section
2. Study the Organelle Chart under notes section
3. What is the name of the artist who painted the painting shown in the PowerPoint?
What do art historians believe this is a painting of? Explain.
4. Explain why hydrophilic molecules like proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids, Na+, other salts, etc… are NOT able to move through a plasma membrane, while
small hydrophobic molecules can. Why do you think large hydrophobic molecules have
trouble crossing?
5. What is a hormone? Give an example and include the origin of the hormone, the target
organ, and the affect on the body. Why does this hormone not target any other cells when
it is all over the body?
6. Explain why amino acid/polypeptide/protein hormones require a cell surface receptor
(embedded in the membrane) protein in order to send a signal to the cell (talk to the cell),
while steroid hormones typically have protein receptors inside the cell, soluble in the
cytoplasm?
7. Be able to calculate the magnification of a light microscope knowing the ocular and
objective magnifications.
8. You should be able to calculate either the FOV under high power, FOV under low
power, high power magnification, or low power magnification when you know three of
the four variables. Sample questions are in the PowerPoint.
9. Explain what happens to the size of the FOV under high power as compared to low
power. Why does this happen? Why can one not use a ruler under high power to measure
the FOV?
10. Explain the orientation of an object as viewed through a microscope as compared to
its orientation on the slide itself. Check out the virtual microscope under the misc section
on the lab page if you don’t recall what happens to the letter “e”.
11. How many microns in a millimeter? How many nanometers in a micron? How many
nanometers in a millimeter? Be able to convert. Draw a ruler indicating a meter as we did
in class and show the definitions of mm, um and nm using the picture by breaking the
distances up into a 1000 equal lengths each time.
12. Give a structure-function example in terms of cells.
13. Explain why cells are limited in how big a cell can be. Be sure to discuss the surface
area to volume ratio. Use an example to show your reasoning.
14. What limits how small a cell can be?
15. Be able to draw and label prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
16. Compare and contrast prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells. Be able to explain the function
and location of every structure.
17. Explain how a protein, made in the cytoplasm, gets into the nucleus in detail. Give an
example of a protein that needs to gain entrance to the nucleus.
18. Explain how 6ft of DNA is packed into a tiny nucleus at a diameter of 1/1000th of a
mm.
19. What is a ribosome made of? Where is it made? What genes (segments of DNA)
would you hypothesize to find located at the nucleolus?
20. How does the cytosol and cytoplasm differ in definition?
21. Compare and contrast chromatin, chromosome and DNA?
22. How many chromosomes (books) are there in a human nucleus? Are all of these
books completely different/unique? Explain. Where did your chromosomes come from?
23. Make a chart that details the organelles present only in animal cells vs. those that are
present only in plant cells.
24. Explain how new membrane (phospholipids) are added to the cell membrane when a
cell is growing in size or needs to replace phospholipids that have broken down.
25. A cell needs to make a few new lysosomes. Explain how it goes about doing this.
26. THIS IS A QUESTION: You are inside a liver cell taking a cytoplasmic swim. On
the outside, you observe insulin molecules bind insulin membrane receptors. This causes
the genes for the glucose transporter, an integral membrane protein that allows glucose to
enter cell, to be turned on so that the liver cell can take up the excess extracellular
glucose. Starting from the gene, explain how glucose transporter proteins will find their
way to the plasma membrane so that they can do their job.
Make sure you include the following terms:
RNA polymerase, nucleus, chromatin, chromosome, DNA, nuclear pore, N-terminal signal sequence, SRP,
SRP receptor, Translocon, ribosome, small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunit, translocate,
dehydration synthesis, codon, anticodon, A-site, P-site, E-site, stop codon, release factor, 5’ to 3’, cap,
poly-A tail, AUG, peptide bond formation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids, ER, Golgi, transport
vesicle, secretory vesicle, fusion, cis-maturation model, cis, trans, rough ER, randomly, thread, pinch,
microtubule, kinesin, ATP, glycosylation (two sites), ER resident enzymes, golgi resident enzymes,
transcription, translation.
27. You should be able to describe what is happening in every figure in chapter 6 as well
as be able to label them without exception.
28. Explain the two lysosomal storage diseases discussed and be able to come up with a
method of treating or curing these conditions. Watch the Tay-Sachs movie under misc
section of website – chapter 6. Why are they called storage diseases?
29. THIS IS A QUESTION: Describe the process of translation. The level of detail
should be similar to the translation video shown in class (virtual cell animation; link
above). My suggestion…watch the video many times and write the essay while you write
it…then practice writing the essay.
Make sure the following words are included and described: Random motion, 5’, 3’,5’ cap,3’ polyA tail, mRNA, ribosome, small subunit, large subunit, rRNA, ribosomal proteins, P-site, A-site,
tRNA, aa-tRNA (tRNA with an amino acid bound), tRNA synthetase, ATP, anticodon, amino
acids, dehydration synthesis, catalyze, peptide bond, translocation, release factor, AUG, start
codon, stop codon, codons, polypeptide, 5 to 3 – N to C, and another other words from the video I
forgot.
30. THIS IS A QUESTION: (A) Draw and label the chloroplast, indicate the two parts
photosyntheis and where they occur in the chloroplast, and describe the function of each
part of photosynthesis.
Make sure the following words are included: outer membrane, thylakoid membrane, inner
membrane, stroma, thylakoid lumen, grana, thylakoid “disc”, intermembrane space, light
reactions, dark reactions, light energy, chemical energy, photosystem, chlorophyll, chlorophyll+,
excite electrons.
(B) Write the overall reaction for photosynthesis and describe how the electrons move in
order to form an organic molecule like glucose as well as oxygen. Be sure to include why
light energy is needed…the rationale…not just memorization. Explain why water and
carbon dioxide have almost no free energy (available energy).
Make sure the following words are included: electrons, reduce(d), oxidize(d), chlorophyll,
chlorophyll+, photon, light, EM wave, electronegative.
31. Make sure you know the central dogma…as usual.
32. What is the endosymbiotic theory? Describe the four pieces of evidence we have
discussed supporting the endosymbiotic theory.
33. Compare endergonic to exergonic.
QUESTIONS FROM LAST EXAM THAT MAY SHOW UP AGAIN
34. RNA world hypothesis
35. What glucose can directly be used to make in a plant…basically know what elements
are present in what molecules.
36. Why phospholipids come together the way they do in aqueous solution…hint: water
cage, but you need to explain it like you are teaching it to someone who knows nothing
about it.
37. Cholesterol and membrane fluidity
38. Fluid mosaic model
39. Examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions in our cells.
40. Micrographs…many people were not able to identify SEM vs TEM vs LM. I will
throw some more at you. Google image “SEM”, “TEM”, et… look at the pictures. Get a
feel for high resolution EM images…surface vs thin slice…LM resolution…etc…
41. Drawing a dinucleotide
STUDY WELL