Download study guide for cell energy

Topic 1: Chemical Compounds in Cells
*A cell is made of elements and compounds.
*An element is any substance that can’t be broken down but a compound is 2 or more
elements combined. An example of an element is Hydrogen (H) and an example of a compound
is H20.
*The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the main
elements that make up all living things.
*The 4 major macromolecules (large compounds) are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
*Make sure you know the chart below.
Type of
molecule
Carbohydrates
Elements
present
C, H, O
functions
Examples
quick energy
Sugars and starches
Lipids
C, H, O
long term energy,
make up cell
membranes,
protection,
insulation
Cell structure,
speeds up chemical
reactions (enzymes)
Genetic information
Fats, oils, and waxes
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N
C, H, O, N, P
Meats, eggs, fish,
nuts and beans
DNA and RNA
Topic 2: The Cell Membrane and Cell Transport
*The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
*The cell membrane is responsible for maintaining homeostasis for the cell. (a stable internal
environment)
*The cell membrane is selectively permeable- it has the ability to decide what enters and
leaves the cell.
*Passive Transport is the movement of materials in or out of the cell without the use of energy.
It moves materials from high to low concentration. Examples of passive transport are simple
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
*Diffusion is the movement of small particles through the cell membrane until they are
all spread out.
*Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
*Facilitated Diffusion uses a large transport protein to bring large materials like glucose
into the cell.
*Active Transport is the movement of materials into or out of the cell with the use of energy or
ATP. It moves from low to high concentration. Examples of active transport are molecular
active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
*Molecular Active Transport uses protein pumps and energy to push through large
materials against the gradient.
*Exocytosis is the movement of waste out of the cell. (EXIT)
*Endocytosis is the movement of materials into the cell. (INSIDE)
Pinocytosis is cell drinking. (cell takes in needed liquid.
Phagocytosis is cell eating. (cell engulfs large substances)
Topic 3: Photosynthesis
*All autotrophs must get their energy or food through photosynthesis.
*Photosynthesis is the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make
food. (glucose)
*The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth.
*The overall purpose of photosynthesis is for a plant to use energy from the sun carbon dioxide
and water into glucose and oxygen.
*Photosynthesis happens in the leaves inside the chloroplast.
*Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll that captures the sunlight.
*Carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit the leaves of a plant through structures called stomata.
**Water enters the plants through roots and moves up into the leaves.
Topic 4: Cellular Respiration
*After all organisms obtain their glucose (either through eating like heterotrophs or through
photosynthesis like autotrophs, they must break down the glucose to get the energy out of it.
*Glucose is an energy rich sugar.
*Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells break down the glucose to get energy.
*Cellular Respiration occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA of cells.
*In order for cellular respiration to occur, cells must have oxygen!
*In cellular respiration, the sugar glucose and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide and
water.
*The equation of cellular respiration is the REVERSE of photosynthesis.
*If cells don’t have enough oxygen, they release energy through a process called fermentation.
*The amount of energy released from fermentation is much less than the amount of energy
released from cellular respiration
*Alcoholic Fermentation occurs when organisms like yeast and bacteria break down sugar and
release CARBON DIOXIDE and ALCOHOL.
*Alcoholic fermentation is important to bakers and brewers.
*Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in animals when not enough oxygen is present.
*If lactic acid fermentation occurs, the built up lactic acid builds up and makes your muscles
sore.