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Genetics Notes 1 NAME:________________________ DATE:___________ Vocabulary Terms __________________or ______________- The genetic _____________ of _________________ from parent to offspring, such as hair, eye, and skin color. _________________ CHROMOSOME-A ______of _____________chromosomes in an organism, with _____ being inherited from each parent. _________________- A chromosome that is ______ a ______ chromosome. Let's Summarize: Genotype- ____________________________________________ (usually abbreviated as 2 letters) • TT = homozygous= _______________ • Tt = heterozygous= _______________ • tt = homozygous= _______________ _________________ INHERITANCE- a trait controlled by ____or more genes that may be on the _________or on _______________chromosomes Examples of polygenic inheritance: _____ color, skin color, and _________ group ___________- _____________forms of the same ________. Alleles for a trait are ____________ at corresponding positions on ________________chromosomes called ______ (plural) or a locus (singular.). When 1 allele masks (_________) the effect of another, that allele is called _____________ and the hidden allele is called__________________. • ________________ alleles are represented by a _______________letter • ________________ alleles are represented by a _______________letter Dominant Genes = one gene ________________ the other What are _______________Genes? • The gene that is ________________ by a dominant gene • Recessive genes can only express themselves if _________ genes are recessive What makes an organism the way that it is? • _____________vs. ____________ __________ that are expressed through _________ can be ____________. Characteristics that are _____________ through environmental influences, such as injuries or practiced skills, ___________ be inherited. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) • Austrian ________ • Called the “Father of ____________" for his study of the inheritance of 7 traits in _____ plants. • The traits that Mendel chose to study were easily _______________ in ___ distinct forms. EX.: ________ Height - tall vs. short Pod Shape - round vs. __________ Flower _______ – white vs. purple Seed Color – __________ vs. yellow • The ________________ of Mendel's work was ____ recognized until the turn of the ____ century • Its ______________ prompted the foundation of genetics. Let’s REVIEW: Genotype Symbol • • Genotype Vocabulary Phenotype Geneticists apply mathematical _______________of ______________ to Mendel’s laws of heredity in order to ____________the results of simple genetic ___________. Mendel’s laws of heredity are based on his ________________ ____________of observations of ________________of the inheritance of traits. To see this we use a _____________ Square Punnett Squares • To complete a Punnett square, we use a __________ to ______________ each __________. • We ____________the _______________ allele with a ____________ letter, and the _____________ allele is given the ________ letter but in_______________. • For the pea plant flowers: ______________: purple color = ___ ______________: white color = ___ • If ______ parents are____________, then purple colored parent must be _____ and the white colored parent must be ____. How can we predict these results? We complete the possible combinations. Homozygous-dominant Homozygous-recessive These results show that _____ the F1 (1st filial generation) offspring are all __________colored ___________. _______% purple offspring We can use another Punnett square to predict the F2 (2nd filial generation) offspring. Heterozygous - hybrid Heterozygous - hybrid Phenotypic ratio ___:___ Genotypic ratio ___:___:___ The results are ____________mathematically the________, a __:__ ratio with ___% purple & ___% white offspring Codominance • _____ all alleles are dominant and recessive. • Some alleles are ___________ ________ and neither are ____________ by the other. • Alleles which are equally strong are said to be "_________________". • When both alleles are present, they are _______ _____________ in the phenotype. • The __________ is a __________ of both alleles. • When expressing codominant alleles, _________alleles are represented by ____________ _____________ letters. Codominance: in humans Blood Type: ________________ ratio 1:1:1:1 ___ type A ___ type B 1 type ____ 1 type ___ ___ & ___ are equally strong. ___ is recessive. _________ is type A _________ is Type B _________ is Type AB _________ is Type O Incomplete Dominance • _______________ ______________is a situation in which one ____________ is not completely dominant over ______________. • Example: Pink flower resulting from a red parent and a white parent. Incomplete Dominance: F1 generation Homozygous Homozygous ______ % pink offspring Incomplete Dominance: F2 generation Heterozygous Heterozygous A __:__:__ ratio with ___% red, ___% pink & ___% white offspring Sex-Linked Traits Boy or Girl? The ___ Chromosome “Decides” What are Sex Linked Traits? • In 1910, ___________ __________discovered traits linked to sex chromosomes in _______ ______. • Some genes are ____________ to the ___ and ___ chromosomes EXAMPLE: In humans, ________________and ____________ are found on the ___ chromosomes • • • In ______, traits _____________ anytime present In ___________, must have ____ genes to ______ trait Children _________ baldness from their _________ Punnett Square: What sex will the offspring be? ___ % chance of a male or a female child. Baldness is carried by the ___________ Phenotype: ____% bald males ____% bald carrier females ____% not bald males ____% non-carrier females If _____ is bald, will you be _____? Phenotype: ___% bald males ____% bald carrier females What if _____ is bald? Phenotype: ____% carrier females ____% bald males Genetic Diversity • The sorting and ________________of ________ in sexual reproduction results in a great ___________of gene _________________in the offspring of any 2 parents. • Genetically diverse populations are ________ __________to ____________ changing environments. • __________ variation within the species makes a population __________ __________to adaptation to changes in the environment. • ___________ populations around the world are in __________ because of _____________. • There is very _________ genetic ___________ between any 2 individuals. • This makes them __________ susceptible to ___________ & will likely lead to their _____________. • Recombination and ___________ provide for genetic diversity. • Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA bases can __________ genes. • An altered gene in a sex cell may be passed on to _________ cell that develops from it, causing an altered ______________. Crossing-over • The physical _____________of chromosomal _________between chromatids of __________________chromosomes. • Result: Generation of _____ combinations of _________ (alleles). • Occurs in ____________ of meiosis I Creates chromosomes with _____ ____________ of _________ for genes Sometimes ________chromosomes can be added or deleted, resulting in a genetic __________ such as ____________ 21 (Down syndrome). Chromosomal Errors • _________________: the __________of chromosomes to ___________properly in meiosis. Gametes with _________or too ______ chromosomes result. • Can cause diseases such as ___________ ________________. • _________________: organisms with entire __________ _____ of chromosomes • Results in the _________ of the fetus in _________ • Often occurs in _______and causes the ______and flowers to be _________. EX.: bananas, lilies A ____________is an_____________, Arranged __________of _____________At Their Most Condensed State Genetic Diseases Turner's Syndrome • • __________ syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting _______ _________, in which the patient has __ X chromosome in some or all cells; or has two ___ ______________ but one is____________. Signs of Turner syndrome include: • _______ stature, • delayed ________of the skeleton, • ___________ fourth and fifth __________, • broad ________, • and sometimes _________ abnormalities. • • Women with Turner syndrome are usually _________ due to ovarian failure. Diagnosis is by _________ test (karyotype). Huntington’s Disease • • • ________________ disease (HD) is an inherited disorder caused by the ______________of certain __________cells in the __________. The gene for Huntington’s disease is _______________. HD causes bizarre _____________movements and ______ of intellectual abilities (dementia). • • The condition begins most often in _____ - ____________and progresses _________ to ________. The ________________of the codominant ______ for HD now makes it possible to ____________ who will develop this disease by ____________their _____ from a blood sample in the laboratory. Fragile X Syndrome • • • An inherited disorder caused by a _____________ gene on the ___ chromosome. Symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome: • Mental______________, • _____________ testes, • and ________ abnormalities in males • and mild or ___ effects in ____________. It is the ______ ___________ inherited cause of ________ retardation. Cri-du-chat Syndrome • • • • • Cri-du-chat Syndrome is a _______ genetic disorder due to a ___________ portion of chromosome #__. Its name, meaning ____ _____in French, is from the distinctive ___________sound made by _____________ with the disorder. The disorder is characterized by: • distinctive _________ features, • _________ head size, • low birth ________, • _______ muscle tone, • a round face, • epicanthal ________, • low set _______, • facial asymmetry • ____________mental ________________ is typical Tay - Sachs disease A hereditary disease that affects young __________almost exclusively of eastern European ___________descent, in which an ____________ _____________ leads to the accumulation of _____ in the _________ and nerve tissue. Tay -Sachs results in: • mental _____________, • convulsions, • ______________, • and ultimately __________. Pedigrees • ____________charts show a ____________of the family of an individual. • It can be used to ________the _______________of a hereditary condition. • It is particularly useful when there are ___________ families and a good family record over _____________ generations. Ethical & Moral Concerns • The potential for identifying and _____________ _____________ raises practical and ethical questions. • ______________, a pseudo-science of selective _____________of____________, was a movement throughout the twentieth century, worldwide as well as in _____________, that demonstrated a ____________of the principles of___________. • Eugenics is a dangerous idea that subtly____________ ____________. • __________ was a proponent of eugenics and tried to create a “_____________” race known as the____________. • ____________is another morally charged issue facing us today. • Cloning is the production of ________________ ___________ cells and/or ____________. • _______ was famous all over the world because of the way she was born, in _______. She was the world's first cloned ____________.