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Genetics DNA / RNA Proteins Dr. Ron Rusay Spring 2004 © Copyright 2004 R.J. Rusay Genetics DNA / RNA Proteins © Copyright 2004 R.J. Rusay Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) • Nucleic acids carry genetic information. • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) have molecular weights around 6 - 16 106 amu and are found inside the nucleus of the cell. • RNA (ribonucleic acids) have molecular weights around 20,000 to 40,000 amu and are found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus of the cell. • Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. • There are three important parts to a nucleic acid: – phosphoric acid unit, (H3PO4) – five carbon sugar (e.g. ribose or deoxyribose) – nitrogen containing organic bases (e.g. adenine, A) Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) • DNA and RNA have different sugars (dexoyribose vs. ribose). • There are only five bases found in DNA and RNA: – adenine (A), – guanine (G), – cytosine (C), – thymine (T found in DNA only), and – uracil (U found in RNA only). • Nucleic acids are formed by condensing two nucleotides (the phosphoric acid condenses with the O-H group of the sugar). Nucleic Acids • DNA consists of two deoxyribonucleic acid strands wound together in a double helix. • The phosphate chains are wrapped around the outside of the DNA molecule. • Complementary base pairs are formed from bases which optimize H-bonding: T and A or C and G. • The complementary base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonding. • During cell division, the DNA double helix unwinds. Genetics & DNA XX XY Traits & Variation: •Histogram •Venn Diagram Larger Molecules http://info.bio.cmu.edu/courses/03231/ProtStruc/ProtStruc.htm B-DNA: Size, Shape & Self Assembly 46 Å 12 base sequence (1953-2003) http://molvis.sdsc.edu/pdb/dna_b_form.pdb DNA: Size, Shape & Self Assembly http://www.umass.edu/microbio/chime/beta/pe_alpha/atlas/atlas.htm Views & Algorithms 10.85 Å 10.85 Å Quic kTime™ and a Animation dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Several formats are commonly used but all rely on plotting atoms in 3 dimensional space; .pdb is one of the most popular. ~30,000 define a human DNA Replication QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. ~3,000,000,000 define a human > 99.5% is the same in all humans The Molecular Backbone: phosphoric acid + a sugar: deoxyribose A DNA section: ATGC T G C Nucleic Acids • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids – encyclopedia of genetic information. – directs protein synthesis. – Molar mass ~ 1-16 x 10 6 Daltons (amu) • RNA: ribonucleic acids – – – – assist in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA transfer RNA Molecular weights = 20,000 to 40,000 Protein Biosynthesis QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. U replaces T Which base is present in the respective nucleotides? Ribose What is different in the riboses? How much genetic variation is there in hemoglobin (beta globins)? Handouts Add ques.: On the back of the page, name the first seven codons (amino acids) that are coded in the 2 globins, A and B. TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION APPLICATIONS: Transgenic (GM: Genetically Modified) Crops APPLICATIONS: Transgenic (GM: Genetically Modified) Crops CLONING Hello Dolly! Genetic Fingerprinting •Forensics •Paternity •ID-military •Food •Wine •Anthropology •Diagnosis OJ and the bloody glove! PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction Kerry Mullis, CetusChiron-Roche, Emeryville, Nobel Prize PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction Lindsey Twins, (diagnosis) sickle cell trait vs. disease (handout)