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rd 3 quarter Assessment The Cell Cycle • 2 Main Phases • Interphase and M phase • The M can be either Mitosis or Meiosis • Interphase ---G1, S, G2 • M phase--• PMAT DNA replication—Chromosomes Double • During the S stage of Interphase Know the structure below: • Prophase: Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles and spindle fibers appear and Chromosomes are visible • Metaphase –Sister chromatids (doubled chromosomes) line up down the MIDDLE of cell • Anaphase---Sister chromatids (doubled chromosomes) are pulled apart • Telophase---opposite of prophase • Cytokinesis---cell divides---parent cell becomes 2 cells. Mitosis Info: • Creates: • 2 Diploid cells • AKA 2 Body cells • AKA 2 Somatic Cells • Meiosis makes— • 4 Haploid Cells • AKA 4 Sex Cells • AKA 4 Gametes • Meiosis creates cells for sex reproduction • Meiosis has 8 total phases • Know what each phase of Meiosis I and II look like Meiosis I Meiosis II DNA Replication • Takes place in the Nucleus • Copies chromosomes…an organism’s entire genome • Enzymes: Helicase and DNA Polymerase • Helicase causes Hydrogen bonds to break between the DNA strands • New nucleotides are made during Step 2 of replication 4 Major Differences between DNA and RNA DNA ---2 strands RNA ---1 strand DNA—Sugar Deoxyribose RNA---Sugar Ribose Bases---Adenine, Thymine Bases—Adenine, Uracil Cytosine, Guanine Cytosine, Guanine Protein Synthesis • The two processes that make it up are Transcription and Translation • It takes place in the Ribosomes • The mRNA codons have the code for the amino acid strand • KNOW how to use the Table of mRNA codons and amino acids Genetics • • • • • Gregor Mendel---Father of Gentics Used pea plants An allele is an alternate form of a gene Genotype—genetic make up---use letters Phenotype—physical outward appearance— use descriptive words • Homozygous Genotype---2 same size letters • Heterozygous Genotype---2 different letters Representing other Genotypes---Use 1st letter of dominant trait and make it Capital • Use the same letter and make it lower case • All codominance and Incomplete Dominance crosses end in the 2 codominant traits creating BLENDED offspring • Dihybrid Crosses—Hetero for both traits X Hetero for both traits • 9:3:3:1 Ratio • Sex chromosomes are XX-female XY—male DNA Transcription • Takes place in the NUCLEUS • Process of making mRNA from DNA • RNA POLYMERASE is the enzyme that unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds… • New RNA bases pair with the exposed DNA bases • RNA POLYMERASE bonds a new sugar and phosphate to EACH base to help create a strand of mRNA Translation • Translation takes place in the ribosome to help build a protein. • mRNA carries the code and tRNA translates it by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome. • AT the end of the process, mRNA and tRNA release from each other • What is left is a strand of AMINO ACIDS aka a PROTEIN