Download Ch 2-3 notes

Lesson 3 Moving Cellular Material
LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.6.L.14.3, SC.6.N.1.5, SC.7.N.1.1
Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts
you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.
Passive Transport
I found this on page
List 2 functions of membranes.
.
1.
2.
I found this on page
.
Organize information about passive transport.
Note-taking
Passive Transport
Depends on:
Example:
Study Guide
Diffusion
.
Chapter Review
I found this on page
Assess information about diffusion. Read the statements
below. If the statement is true, write true on the line. If it is false,
rewrite the underlined portion of the statement so that it is true.
Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of
Benchmark Practice
lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Diffusion continues until the concentration of a substance is
higher inside a cell than outside a cell.
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Cell Structure and Function
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Inquiry Lab
Definition:
Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material (continued)
Osmosis—The Diffusion
of Water
I found this on page
.
Complete the sentence about osmosis.
Osmosis is a type of
that involves
movement of
only through the cell
membrane.
I found this on page
.
Explain the process of facilitated diffusion.
Facilitated Diffusion
A molecule is too large
to pass through a cell
membrane.
Cell uses two types of
Note-taking
proteins.
proteins
proteins
Organize information about active transport.
.
Active Transport
Definition:
the movement
of substances
through a
can move
substances
from areas of
only by
concentration to
Chapter Review
used to bring in
and take
Benchmark Practice
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I found this on page
pass large molecules
through membrane by
Study Guide
Active Transport
Inquiry Lab
pass large molecules
through membrane by
out
concentration
Cell Structure and Function
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Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material (continued)
I found this on page
.
Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active
transport by writing yes or no in each empty box of the chart.
Facilitated
Diffusion
Description
Active
Transport
Uses carrier proteins
Transports materials across cell
membrane
Requires cellular energy
Able to move materials from an area
with lower concentration to an area
with higher concentration
.
Identify each process as either endocytosis or exocytosis.
Process
Description
Materials entering cell
Materials being expelled from cell
Cell Size and Transport
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.
Explain how cell size and transport are related. Underline
the term that correctly completes each sentence.
Study Guide
As a cell grows, both its volume and surface area (increase/
decrease). Volume increases (faster/slower) than surface area.
Eventually, the cell’s membrane would be (too large/too small)
to move enough materials into and out of the cell.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Cells are very small. Yet, as living things, they have the ability to grow.
What keeps cells from growing to much larger sizes than they do?
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Cell Structure and Function
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
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Lesson 4 Cells and Energy
LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.6.L.14.3, SC.6.N.1.4, SC.7.N.1.1, SC.8.L.18.1, SC.8.L.18.2
Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts
you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.
Cellular Respiration
Organize information about cellular respiration.
I found this on page
.
What it is: a series of
What it does: converts
Cellular Respiration
Note-taking
into
Where it occurs:
1.
.
Summarize the first step in the process of cellular respiration.
Then label the steps in the diagram on the left.
First Step of Cellular
Respiration
Study Guide
occurs in
ATP
is called
a process that
Cytoplasm
Chapter Review
,
Benchmark Practice
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I found this on page
Inquiry Lab
2.
ATP
breaks
into
produces some
molecules
Cell Structure and Function
79
Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy (continued)
I found this on page
.
Describe the second step of cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
Waste products:
1.
Note-taking
2.
Fermentation
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Define fermentation by completing the sentences.
.
When cells do not have enough
to make
through
, they
use a process called
. Because no
is produced
than in
I found this on page
.
.
Compare fermentation to cellular respiration.
Study Guide
Fermentation
Cellular
Respiration
What gets broken
down?
Is energy released?
I found this on page
.
Sequence the 2 types of fermentation.
muscle cells use
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Where does the
breakdown occur?
to produce
yeast cells use
+
80
Cell Structure and Function
+
to produce
+
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Inquiry Lab
is used, less
Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy (continued)
Photosynthesis
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Diagram the reactions that occur in chloroplasts during
.
photosynthesis in the space below. Show what goes into and
comes out of this process. Use these terms:
• sugar • oxygen • light energy • water • carbon dioxide
.
Create a cycle diagram that shows the relationship between
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Why is photosynthesis important to living things other than plants?
Benchmark Practice
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Inquiry Lab
photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Use the terms
chloroplast, glucose, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, light
energy, and mitochondrion in your model.
Note-taking
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Cell Structure and Function
81
Review
Cell Structure and Function
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study this chapter in your Notebook.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Summarize It
Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts.
When scientists first began to study cells, they found that plant and animal cells
were similar to each other and yet different from each other. What are the
similarities that you have noticed? What are the differences?
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
THINK
ABOUT
IT!
Challenge Compare the cell to a factory. For example, a factory has a manager, and a cell
has a nucleus. Use similar analogies to describe the functions of different parts of the cell.
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Cell Structure and Function
Name
Date
Inquiry Lab
Class
14 Organization and Development
of Living Organisms
SC.6.N.1.4, SC.7.N.1.1, SC.6.L.14.3, SC.8.L.18.1, LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6
Photosynthesis and Light
You might think of photosynthesis as a process of give and take. Plant cells take in
water and carbon dioxide and, powered by light energy, make their own food. Plants
give off oxygen as a waste product during photosynthesis. Can you determine how the
intensity of light affects the rate of photosynthesis?
Ask a Question
How does the intensity of light affect photosynthesis?
Materials
lamp
watch or clock
thermometer
Note-taking
test tube
Elodea
scissors
beaker
Safety
Make Observations
3. Place the beaker containing your test tube on a circle drawn on a sheet of paper under a
lamp. Measure the temperature of the water in the beaker. Record the temperature.
Study Guide
4. When bubbles of oxygen begin to rise from the plant, start counting the number of
bubbles per minute. Continue to record data for 10 minutes.
5. Record the temperature of the water in the beaker at the end of the test.
Chapter Review
6. Calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute by your plant.
7. Compare your data with your classmates’ data.
Benchmark Practice
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2. Cut the bottom end of an Elodea stem at an angle and lightly crush the cut end. Place
the Elodea in a test tube with the cut side at the top. Fill the test tube with water. Stand
the test tube and a thermometer in a beaker filled with water. (The water in the beaker
keeps the water in the test tube from getting too warm under the lamp.)
Inquiry Lab
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
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Name
Date
Class
Big Idea Lab continued
Sample Data Table
Number of Bubbles per Minute
Time
Control
Dimmer Light
1
2
3
4
5
Note-taking
6
7
8
10
Form a Hypothesis
Study Guide
8. Use your data to form a hypothesis relating the amount of light to the rate of
photosynthesis.
Test Your Hypothesis
10. Record your data in the data table, and calculate the average number of bubbles
per minute.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
9. Repeat the experiment, changing the light variable so that you are observing your
plant’s reaction to getting more or less light. Keep all other conditions the same.
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Cell Structure and Function
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Inquiry Lab
9
Name
Date
Class
Big Idea Lab continued
Lab Tips
To calculate the average number of bubbles per minute,
add the total number of bubbles observed in 10 minutes,
and then divide by 10.
Analyze and Conclude
11. Use Variables How does the intensity of light affect
photosynthesis? What is your evidence?
Remember to use scientific
methods.
Make Observations
Ask a Question
Form a Hypothesis
Test your Hypothesis
Analyze and Conclude
Communicate Results
Inquiry Lab
Communicate Your Results
Compile all the class data on one graph to show the
effects of varying amounts of light on the rate of
photosynthesis.
Study Guide
Extension
Chapter Review
What other variables might affect the rate of photosynthesis? For example, how does
different-colored light or a change in temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis? To
investigate your question, design a controlled experiment.
Benchmark Practice
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The Big Idea How do plant cells make food?
What do they take in and what do they give off?
What source of energy do they use?
Note-taking
12.
Cell Structure and Function
85
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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Cell Structure and Function
86
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Big Idea Lab Notes
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Use Vocabulary
Use the vocabulary from the chapter to complete the sentences below.
1. Substances formed by joining smaller molecules together are called
2. The
.
consists of proteins joined together to create fiberlike
structures inside cells.
3. The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration is called
.
4. A process that uses oxygen to convert energy from food into ATP
is
.
Link Vocabulary and Key Concepts
of
m
at
er
ial
sb
y
cell membrane
5.
diffusion
10.
ap
sh
11.
m
ov
em
en
t
e
6.
Inquiry Lab
active transport
Cell
7.
12.
ul
ec
ol
ro
m
ac
ed
by
m
Study Guide
13.
in
ta
9.
ob
8.
fermentation
gy
er
es
carbohydrates
en
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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Note-taking
Use vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below.
Cell Structure and Function
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Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review
Understand Key Concepts
1. Cholesterol is which type of
macromolecule?
A. carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. nucleic acid
D. protein
6. Which process eliminates substances from
cells in vesicles?
A. endocytosis
B. exocytosis
C. osmosis
D. photosynthesis
2. Genetic information is stored in which
macromolecule?
A. DNA
B. glucose
C. lipid
D. starch
7. Which cell shown below can send signals
over long distances?
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Study Guide
Chapter Review
B.
chloroplast
mitochondrion
cell membrane
cell wall
4. Which best describes vacuoles?
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. contained in mitochondria
D. storage compartments
5. Which is true of fermentation?
A. does not generate energy
B. does not require oxygen
C. occurs in mitochondria
D. produces lots of ATP
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Cell Structure and Function
8. The figure below shows a cell. What is the
arrow pointing to?
A.
B.
C.
D.
chloroplast
cytoplasm
mitochondrion
nucleus
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Benchmark Practice
A.
3. The arrow below is pointing to which
cell part?
Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Circle the correct answer below.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
Critical Thinking
Use the lines below to respond to the following questions.
9. Evaluate the importance of the microscope to biology.
10. Summarize the role of water in cells.
Note-taking
Inquiry Lab
12. Distinguish between channel proteins and carrier proteins.
Study Guide
13. Explain osmosis.
Chapter Review
14. Infer Why do cells need carrier proteins that transport glucose?
Benchmark Practice
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11. Hypothesize how new cells form from existing cells.
Cell Structure and Function
89
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
Critical Thinking
Use the lines below to respond to the following questions.
15. Compare the amounts of ATP generated in cellular respiration and fermentation.
17. Hypothesize how air pollution like smog affects photosynthesis.
18. Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes by copying and filling in the table below.
Study Guide
Structure
Cell membrane
Chapter Review
Nucleus
Benchmark Practice
DNA
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell wall
90
Cell Structure and Function
Prokaryote
(yes or no)
Eukaryote
(yes or no)
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
16. Assess the role of fermentation in baking bread.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
19. Write a five-sentence paragraph relating the cytoskeleton to the walls of a building. Be sure
to include a topic sentence and a concluding sentence in your paragraph.
Note-taking
Study Guide
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Inquiry Lab
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
Cell Structure and Function
91
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
Review the Big Idea
20. How do the structures and processes of a cell enable it to survive? As an example, explain
how chloroplasts help plant cells.
Math Skills
Study Guide
22. A rectangular solid measures 4 cm long by 2 cm wide by 2 cm high. What is the surfacearea-to-volume ratio of the solid?
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
23. At different times during its growth, a cell has the following surface areas and volumes:
What happens to the surface-area-to-volume ratio as the cell grows?
92
Cell Structure and Function
Time
Surface
area (μm)
Volume
(μm)
1
6
1
2
24
8
3
54
27
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
21. The photo on page 79 in your textbook shows a protozoan. What structures enable it to get
food into its mouth?
Name
Date
Class
Science Benchmark Practice
Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question.
Multiple Choice
1 Which process do plant cells use to
capture and store energy from sunlight?
4 Diffusion differs from active cell transport
processes because it
F
forces large molecules from a cell.
A
endocytosis
G
keeps a cell’s boundary intact.
B
fermentation
H
moves substances into a cell.
C
glycolysis
I
needs none of a cell’s energy.
D
photosynthesis
Use the diagram below to answer question 2.
+
+ -
+
-
Use the diagram below to answer questions 5
and 6.
+
- +
+
- +
+
+
+
- +
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
- +
+
+
+
+
+
+
Chloride
-
Oxygen
-
Hydrogen
+
Sodium
+
F
A water molecule consists of oxygen
and chloride ions.
G
A water molecule is surrounded by
several chloride ions.
I
A water molecule moves away from a
chloride ion.
A water molecule points its positive
end toward a chloride ion.
A
diffusion
B
osmosis
C
active transport
D
facilitated diffusion
A
cytoplasm
B
lysosome
C
nucleus
D
ribosome
6 Which feature does a typical prokaryotic
cell have that is missing from some
eukaryotic cells, like the one above?
F
cytoplasm
G
DNA
H
cell membrane
I
cell wall
Cell Structure and Function
93
Benchmark Practice
3 Which transport process requires the use
of a cell’s energy?
5 Which structure does the arrow point to
in the eukaryotic cell?
Chapter Review
H
Study Guide
2 The diagram shows salt dissolved in water.
What does it show about water molecules
and chloride ions?
Inquiry Lab
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-
Note-taking
+
Name
Date
Class
NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued
7 Which explains why the ratio of cell
surface area to volume affects the cell size?
Cells with a high surface-to-volume ratio
A
consume energy efficiently.
B
produce waste products slowly.
C
suffer from diseases frequently.
D
transport substances effectively.
Constructed Response
9 Copy the table below and complete it
using these terms: cell membrane, cell wall,
chloroplast, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus.
Cell Structure
Function
Maintains the shape of an
animal cell
Controls the activities of a cell
Use the diagram below to answer question 8.
Controls the materials going
in and out of a cell
Note-taking
Channel
protein
Holds the structures of a cell
in a watery mix
Outside
the cell
Maintains the shape of some
plant cells
Inside
the cell
Inquiry Lab
Carrier
proteins
10 Name the kinds of organisms that have
cells with cell walls. Name the kinds of
organisms that have cells without cell
walls. Briefly describe the benefits of cell
walls for organisms.
F
Carrier proteins change shape as they
function but channel proteins do not.
G
Carrier proteins and channel proteins
extend through the cell membrane.
H
Channel proteins move items inside a
cell but carrier proteins do not.
I
Channel proteins and carrier proteins
perform facilitated diffusion.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
8 Which statement is NOT true of carrier
proteins and channel proteins?
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Cell Structure and Function
11 Draw simple diagrams of an animal cell
and a plant cell. Label the nucleus, the
cytoplasm, the mitochondria, the cell
membrane, the chloroplasts, the cell wall,
and the central vacuole in the appropriate
cells. Briefly describe the main differences
between the two cells.
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Study Guide
Traps energy from the Sun
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 2 | Lesson 1
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
+- +
+- +- +- +
- + - + - +- +- + - +- +
+
- +- +
- + - +- +
+
+
+
+
- +
+- + - ++ + - +
Salt
(sodium chloride)
-
+
+
+ +
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
- +
+
- +
+
+
+
- +
+
+
+ +
- +
+
+
Salt dissolved
in water
-
Oxygen -
Hydrogen +
Sodium +
Chloride
1. The picture above shows salt (NaCl)
dissolved in water (H2O). Which
statement is true? SC.6.N.1.1
A Chloride is attracted to the hydrogen
B Sodium is attracted to the hydrogen
atoms in a water molecule.
C Neither sodium nor chloride is attracted
to the atoms in a water molecule.
D Sodium and chloride are attracted to
lipids
G proteins
H carbohydrates
I
nucleic acids
3. An amoeba can divide and form two new
identical amoebas. Which macromolecules
are copied and pass genetic information to
the new cells? SC.6.L.14.2
A lipids
B proteins
C carbohydrates
D nucleic acids
4. One example of a carbohydrate that stores
energy is SC.6.L.14.2
F
fat.
Inquiry Lab
the oxygen atoms in a water molecule.
F
Note-taking
atoms in a water molecule.
2. Which type of macromolecule helps a cell
break down food? SC.6.L.14.2
H keratin.
I
sugar.
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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G hair.
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
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Class
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
From My Teacher
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Think, Discuss, Share
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 2 | Lesson 2
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
1. Which cell belongs to a prokaryote?
SC.6.L.14.3
2. Your body is protected by multiple layers
of skin cells. What shape would you
expect a cell on the outer layer of skin to
have? SC.6.L.14.4
F
a flat shape
G a round shape
A
H a long, branching shape
I
a short, hollow shape
3. Which cell structure could be called the
packaging center of the cell? SC.6.L.14.4
A lysosome
Note-taking
B mitochondrion
C endoplasmic reticulum
D Golgi apparatus
Inquiry Lab
C
D
F
bacterial cells.
G human cells.
H mouse cells.
mushroom cells.
Benchmark Practice
I
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
Cell Structure and Function
Chapter Review
4. Rosa uses a microscope to look at a group
of cells, as shown above. She sees that the
cells are joined together, so she knows that
they are from one organism. She also sees
that all of them have cell walls. Rosa could
be looking at SC.6.L.14.3
Study Guide
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B
97
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Date
Class
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
From My Teacher
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Think, Discuss, Share
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Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 2 | Lesson 3
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
Use the image below to answer questions 1
and 2.
2. Which process removes proteins and
hormones from a cell? SC.6.L.14.3
F
endocytosis
G exocytosis
H active transport
I
passive transport
3. Which type of macromolecule helps move
molecules into a cell through the process
of facilitated diffusion? SC.6.L.14.3
A lipids
B proteins
D nucleic acids
All the sugar will be concentrated on
the left side of the membrane.
G All the sugar will be concentrated on
the right side of the membrane.
1. The diagram above shows three methods
that require energy to move materials
across the cell membrane. Which process
do cells use to take in bacteria and
viruses? SC.6.L.14.3
H Sugar concentration will be equal on
both sides.
I
Sugar concentration will be high on
the left side and low on the right side.
Study Guide
A endocytosis
B exocytosis
Chapter Review
C active transport
D passive transport
Benchmark Practice
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F
Inquiry Lab
4. Sasha places a semipermeable membrane
in a beaker and adds water to the beaker.
She then adds sugar to the water on the left
side of the beaker. What will happen to the
concentration of sugar on both sides of the
membrane after 30 minutes? SC.6.N.1.1
Note-taking
C carbohydrates
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Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
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Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
From My Teacher
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Cell Structure and Function
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Think, Discuss, Share
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 2 | Lesson 4
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
3. Which substance is a product of cellular
respiration? SC.6.L.14.3
ATP
A glucose
Glucose
(sugar)
B lactic acid
Cytoplasm
C oxygen
D water
Chemical
reactions
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
ATP
+ Lactic acid
(Energy)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
ATP + Carbon dioxide + Alcohol
(CO2)
(Energy)
Muscle cells
Smaller
molecules
ATP
Note-taking
Yeast cells
4. Which processes are shown in the image
above? SC.6.L.14.3
F
H two types of glycolysis
I
two types of photosynthesis
B photosynthesis
C alcohol fermentation
D lactic-acid fermentation
Study Guide
2. Which process produces the most ATP?
SC.6.L.14.3
F
Plant cells convert sunlight to sugar
through photosynthesis.
G Yeast cells produce ethanol through
alcohol fermentation.
Chapter Review
H Human stomach cells convert sugar to
energy through cellular respiration.
I
Human muscle cells generate energy
at the end of a race through lactic-acid
fermentation.
Benchmark Practice
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A glycolysis
G two types of fermentation
Inquiry Lab
1. Which process is illustrated in the image
above? SC.6.L.14.3
two types of cellular respiration
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
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Date
Class
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
From My Teacher
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Cell Structure and Function
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Think, Discuss, Share
Note-taking
Date
Inquiry Lab
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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Name
Class
Notes
From a Cell to an Organism
103