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Lesson 3 Moving Cellular Material LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.6.L.14.3, SC.6.N.1.5, SC.7.N.1.1 Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate. Passive Transport I found this on page List 2 functions of membranes. . 1. 2. I found this on page . Organize information about passive transport. Note-taking Passive Transport Depends on: Example: Study Guide Diffusion . Chapter Review I found this on page Assess information about diffusion. Read the statements below. If the statement is true, write true on the line. If it is false, rewrite the underlined portion of the statement so that it is true. Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of Benchmark Practice lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Diffusion continues until the concentration of a substance is higher inside a cell than outside a cell. 76 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Definition: Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material (continued) Osmosis—The Diffusion of Water I found this on page . Complete the sentence about osmosis. Osmosis is a type of that involves movement of only through the cell membrane. I found this on page . Explain the process of facilitated diffusion. Facilitated Diffusion A molecule is too large to pass through a cell membrane. Cell uses two types of Note-taking proteins. proteins proteins Organize information about active transport. . Active Transport Definition: the movement of substances through a can move substances from areas of only by concentration to Chapter Review used to bring in and take Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. I found this on page pass large molecules through membrane by Study Guide Active Transport Inquiry Lab pass large molecules through membrane by out concentration Cell Structure and Function 77 Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material (continued) I found this on page . Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport by writing yes or no in each empty box of the chart. Facilitated Diffusion Description Active Transport Uses carrier proteins Transports materials across cell membrane Requires cellular energy Able to move materials from an area with lower concentration to an area with higher concentration . Identify each process as either endocytosis or exocytosis. Process Description Materials entering cell Materials being expelled from cell Cell Size and Transport I found this on page . Explain how cell size and transport are related. Underline the term that correctly completes each sentence. Study Guide As a cell grows, both its volume and surface area (increase/ decrease). Volume increases (faster/slower) than surface area. Eventually, the cell’s membrane would be (too large/too small) to move enough materials into and out of the cell. Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Cells are very small. Yet, as living things, they have the ability to grow. What keeps cells from growing to much larger sizes than they do? 78 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking I found this on page Lesson 4 Cells and Energy LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.6.L.14.3, SC.6.N.1.4, SC.7.N.1.1, SC.8.L.18.1, SC.8.L.18.2 Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate. Cellular Respiration Organize information about cellular respiration. I found this on page . What it is: a series of What it does: converts Cellular Respiration Note-taking into Where it occurs: 1. . Summarize the first step in the process of cellular respiration. Then label the steps in the diagram on the left. First Step of Cellular Respiration Study Guide occurs in ATP is called a process that Cytoplasm Chapter Review , Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. I found this on page Inquiry Lab 2. ATP breaks into produces some molecules Cell Structure and Function 79 Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy (continued) I found this on page . Describe the second step of cellular respiration. Mitochondria Waste products: 1. Note-taking 2. Fermentation I found this on page Define fermentation by completing the sentences. . When cells do not have enough to make through , they use a process called . Because no is produced than in I found this on page . . Compare fermentation to cellular respiration. Study Guide Fermentation Cellular Respiration What gets broken down? Is energy released? I found this on page . Sequence the 2 types of fermentation. muscle cells use Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Where does the breakdown occur? to produce yeast cells use + 80 Cell Structure and Function + to produce + Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab is used, less Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy (continued) Photosynthesis I found this on page Diagram the reactions that occur in chloroplasts during . photosynthesis in the space below. Show what goes into and comes out of this process. Use these terms: • sugar • oxygen • light energy • water • carbon dioxide . Create a cycle diagram that shows the relationship between Study Guide Chapter Review Why is photosynthesis important to living things other than plants? Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Use the terms chloroplast, glucose, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, light energy, and mitochondrion in your model. Note-taking I found this on page Cell Structure and Function 81 Review Cell Structure and Function Chapter Wrap-Up Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Use this checklist to help you study. Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project. Study this chapter in your Notebook. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter. Summarize It Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts. When scientists first began to study cells, they found that plant and animal cells were similar to each other and yet different from each other. What are the similarities that you have noticed? What are the differences? Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking THINK ABOUT IT! Challenge Compare the cell to a factory. For example, a factory has a manager, and a cell has a nucleus. Use similar analogies to describe the functions of different parts of the cell. 82 Cell Structure and Function Name Date Inquiry Lab Class 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms SC.6.N.1.4, SC.7.N.1.1, SC.6.L.14.3, SC.8.L.18.1, LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6 Photosynthesis and Light You might think of photosynthesis as a process of give and take. Plant cells take in water and carbon dioxide and, powered by light energy, make their own food. Plants give off oxygen as a waste product during photosynthesis. Can you determine how the intensity of light affects the rate of photosynthesis? Ask a Question How does the intensity of light affect photosynthesis? Materials lamp watch or clock thermometer Note-taking test tube Elodea scissors beaker Safety Make Observations 3. Place the beaker containing your test tube on a circle drawn on a sheet of paper under a lamp. Measure the temperature of the water in the beaker. Record the temperature. Study Guide 4. When bubbles of oxygen begin to rise from the plant, start counting the number of bubbles per minute. Continue to record data for 10 minutes. 5. Record the temperature of the water in the beaker at the end of the test. Chapter Review 6. Calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute by your plant. 7. Compare your data with your classmates’ data. Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Cut the bottom end of an Elodea stem at an angle and lightly crush the cut end. Place the Elodea in a test tube with the cut side at the top. Fill the test tube with water. Stand the test tube and a thermometer in a beaker filled with water. (The water in the beaker keeps the water in the test tube from getting too warm under the lamp.) Inquiry Lab 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. Cell Structure and Function 83 Name Date Class Big Idea Lab continued Sample Data Table Number of Bubbles per Minute Time Control Dimmer Light 1 2 3 4 5 Note-taking 6 7 8 10 Form a Hypothesis Study Guide 8. Use your data to form a hypothesis relating the amount of light to the rate of photosynthesis. Test Your Hypothesis 10. Record your data in the data table, and calculate the average number of bubbles per minute. Benchmark Practice Chapter Review 9. Repeat the experiment, changing the light variable so that you are observing your plant’s reaction to getting more or less light. Keep all other conditions the same. 84 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab 9 Name Date Class Big Idea Lab continued Lab Tips To calculate the average number of bubbles per minute, add the total number of bubbles observed in 10 minutes, and then divide by 10. Analyze and Conclude 11. Use Variables How does the intensity of light affect photosynthesis? What is your evidence? Remember to use scientific methods. Make Observations Ask a Question Form a Hypothesis Test your Hypothesis Analyze and Conclude Communicate Results Inquiry Lab Communicate Your Results Compile all the class data on one graph to show the effects of varying amounts of light on the rate of photosynthesis. Study Guide Extension Chapter Review What other variables might affect the rate of photosynthesis? For example, how does different-colored light or a change in temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis? To investigate your question, design a controlled experiment. Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Big Idea How do plant cells make food? What do they take in and what do they give off? What source of energy do they use? Note-taking 12. Cell Structure and Function 85 Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide Inquiry Lab Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cell Structure and Function 86 Note-taking Class Date Name Big Idea Lab Notes Name Date Class Study Guide Use Vocabulary Use the vocabulary from the chapter to complete the sentences below. 1. Substances formed by joining smaller molecules together are called 2. The . consists of proteins joined together to create fiberlike structures inside cells. 3. The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called . 4. A process that uses oxygen to convert energy from food into ATP is . Link Vocabulary and Key Concepts of m at er ial sb y cell membrane 5. diffusion 10. ap sh 11. m ov em en t e 6. Inquiry Lab active transport Cell 7. 12. ul ec ol ro m ac ed by m Study Guide 13. in ta 9. ob 8. fermentation gy er es carbohydrates en Chapter Review Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Note-taking Use vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below. Cell Structure and Function 87 Name Date Class Chapter 2 Review Understand Key Concepts 1. Cholesterol is which type of macromolecule? A. carbohydrate B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. protein 6. Which process eliminates substances from cells in vesicles? A. endocytosis B. exocytosis C. osmosis D. photosynthesis 2. Genetic information is stored in which macromolecule? A. DNA B. glucose C. lipid D. starch 7. Which cell shown below can send signals over long distances? C. D. A. B. C. D. Study Guide Chapter Review B. chloroplast mitochondrion cell membrane cell wall 4. Which best describes vacuoles? A. lipids B. proteins C. contained in mitochondria D. storage compartments 5. Which is true of fermentation? A. does not generate energy B. does not require oxygen C. occurs in mitochondria D. produces lots of ATP 88 Cell Structure and Function 8. The figure below shows a cell. What is the arrow pointing to? A. B. C. D. chloroplast cytoplasm mitochondrion nucleus Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Benchmark Practice A. 3. The arrow below is pointing to which cell part? Inquiry Lab Note-taking Circle the correct answer below. Name Date Class Chapter 2 Review continued Critical Thinking Use the lines below to respond to the following questions. 9. Evaluate the importance of the microscope to biology. 10. Summarize the role of water in cells. Note-taking Inquiry Lab 12. Distinguish between channel proteins and carrier proteins. Study Guide 13. Explain osmosis. Chapter Review 14. Infer Why do cells need carrier proteins that transport glucose? Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11. Hypothesize how new cells form from existing cells. Cell Structure and Function 89 Name Date Class Chapter 2 Review continued Critical Thinking Use the lines below to respond to the following questions. 15. Compare the amounts of ATP generated in cellular respiration and fermentation. 17. Hypothesize how air pollution like smog affects photosynthesis. 18. Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes by copying and filling in the table below. Study Guide Structure Cell membrane Chapter Review Nucleus Benchmark Practice DNA Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall 90 Cell Structure and Function Prokaryote (yes or no) Eukaryote (yes or no) Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking 16. Assess the role of fermentation in baking bread. Name Date Class Chapter 2 Review continued 19. Write a five-sentence paragraph relating the cytoskeleton to the walls of a building. Be sure to include a topic sentence and a concluding sentence in your paragraph. Note-taking Study Guide Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Chapter Review Benchmark Practice Cell Structure and Function 91 Name Date Class Chapter 2 Review continued Review the Big Idea 20. How do the structures and processes of a cell enable it to survive? As an example, explain how chloroplasts help plant cells. Math Skills Study Guide 22. A rectangular solid measures 4 cm long by 2 cm wide by 2 cm high. What is the surfacearea-to-volume ratio of the solid? Benchmark Practice Chapter Review 23. At different times during its growth, a cell has the following surface areas and volumes: What happens to the surface-area-to-volume ratio as the cell grows? 92 Cell Structure and Function Time Surface area (μm) Volume (μm) 1 6 1 2 24 8 3 54 27 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking 21. The photo on page 79 in your textbook shows a protozoan. What structures enable it to get food into its mouth? Name Date Class Science Benchmark Practice Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question. Multiple Choice 1 Which process do plant cells use to capture and store energy from sunlight? 4 Diffusion differs from active cell transport processes because it F forces large molecules from a cell. A endocytosis G keeps a cell’s boundary intact. B fermentation H moves substances into a cell. C glycolysis I needs none of a cell’s energy. D photosynthesis Use the diagram below to answer question 2. + + - + - Use the diagram below to answer questions 5 and 6. + - + + - + + + + - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + Chloride - Oxygen - Hydrogen + Sodium + F A water molecule consists of oxygen and chloride ions. G A water molecule is surrounded by several chloride ions. I A water molecule moves away from a chloride ion. A water molecule points its positive end toward a chloride ion. A diffusion B osmosis C active transport D facilitated diffusion A cytoplasm B lysosome C nucleus D ribosome 6 Which feature does a typical prokaryotic cell have that is missing from some eukaryotic cells, like the one above? F cytoplasm G DNA H cell membrane I cell wall Cell Structure and Function 93 Benchmark Practice 3 Which transport process requires the use of a cell’s energy? 5 Which structure does the arrow point to in the eukaryotic cell? Chapter Review H Study Guide 2 The diagram shows salt dissolved in water. What does it show about water molecules and chloride ions? Inquiry Lab Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. - Note-taking + Name Date Class NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued 7 Which explains why the ratio of cell surface area to volume affects the cell size? Cells with a high surface-to-volume ratio A consume energy efficiently. B produce waste products slowly. C suffer from diseases frequently. D transport substances effectively. Constructed Response 9 Copy the table below and complete it using these terms: cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus. Cell Structure Function Maintains the shape of an animal cell Controls the activities of a cell Use the diagram below to answer question 8. Controls the materials going in and out of a cell Note-taking Channel protein Holds the structures of a cell in a watery mix Outside the cell Maintains the shape of some plant cells Inside the cell Inquiry Lab Carrier proteins 10 Name the kinds of organisms that have cells with cell walls. Name the kinds of organisms that have cells without cell walls. Briefly describe the benefits of cell walls for organisms. F Carrier proteins change shape as they function but channel proteins do not. G Carrier proteins and channel proteins extend through the cell membrane. H Channel proteins move items inside a cell but carrier proteins do not. I Channel proteins and carrier proteins perform facilitated diffusion. Benchmark Practice Chapter Review 8 Which statement is NOT true of carrier proteins and channel proteins? 94 Cell Structure and Function 11 Draw simple diagrams of an animal cell and a plant cell. Label the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the mitochondria, the cell membrane, the chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the central vacuole in the appropriate cells. Briefly describe the main differences between the two cells. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Study Guide Traps energy from the Sun Name Date Benchmark Mini-Assessment Class Chapter 2 | Lesson 1 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. +- + +- +- +- + - + - + - +- +- + - +- + + - +- + - + - +- + + + + + - + +- + - ++ + - + Salt (sodium chloride) - + + + + + + - + + + + - + + - + - + + - + + + + - + + + + + - + + + Salt dissolved in water - Oxygen - Hydrogen + Sodium + Chloride 1. The picture above shows salt (NaCl) dissolved in water (H2O). Which statement is true? SC.6.N.1.1 A Chloride is attracted to the hydrogen B Sodium is attracted to the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule. C Neither sodium nor chloride is attracted to the atoms in a water molecule. D Sodium and chloride are attracted to lipids G proteins H carbohydrates I nucleic acids 3. An amoeba can divide and form two new identical amoebas. Which macromolecules are copied and pass genetic information to the new cells? SC.6.L.14.2 A lipids B proteins C carbohydrates D nucleic acids 4. One example of a carbohydrate that stores energy is SC.6.L.14.2 F fat. Inquiry Lab the oxygen atoms in a water molecule. F Note-taking atoms in a water molecule. 2. Which type of macromolecule helps a cell break down food? SC.6.L.14.2 H keratin. I sugar. Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. G hair. Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Cell Structure and Function 95 Name Date Class Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice From My Teacher 96 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking Think, Discuss, Share Name Date Benchmark Mini-Assessment Class Chapter 2 | Lesson 2 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. 1. Which cell belongs to a prokaryote? SC.6.L.14.3 2. Your body is protected by multiple layers of skin cells. What shape would you expect a cell on the outer layer of skin to have? SC.6.L.14.4 F a flat shape G a round shape A H a long, branching shape I a short, hollow shape 3. Which cell structure could be called the packaging center of the cell? SC.6.L.14.4 A lysosome Note-taking B mitochondrion C endoplasmic reticulum D Golgi apparatus Inquiry Lab C D F bacterial cells. G human cells. H mouse cells. mushroom cells. Benchmark Practice I Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Cell Structure and Function Chapter Review 4. Rosa uses a microscope to look at a group of cells, as shown above. She sees that the cells are joined together, so she knows that they are from one organism. She also sees that all of them have cell walls. Rosa could be looking at SC.6.L.14.3 Study Guide Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B 97 Name Date Class Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice From My Teacher 98 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking Think, Discuss, Share Name Date Benchmark Mini-Assessment Class Chapter 2 | Lesson 3 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. Use the image below to answer questions 1 and 2. 2. Which process removes proteins and hormones from a cell? SC.6.L.14.3 F endocytosis G exocytosis H active transport I passive transport 3. Which type of macromolecule helps move molecules into a cell through the process of facilitated diffusion? SC.6.L.14.3 A lipids B proteins D nucleic acids All the sugar will be concentrated on the left side of the membrane. G All the sugar will be concentrated on the right side of the membrane. 1. The diagram above shows three methods that require energy to move materials across the cell membrane. Which process do cells use to take in bacteria and viruses? SC.6.L.14.3 H Sugar concentration will be equal on both sides. I Sugar concentration will be high on the left side and low on the right side. Study Guide A endocytosis B exocytosis Chapter Review C active transport D passive transport Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. F Inquiry Lab 4. Sasha places a semipermeable membrane in a beaker and adds water to the beaker. She then adds sugar to the water on the left side of the beaker. What will happen to the concentration of sugar on both sides of the membrane after 30 minutes? SC.6.N.1.1 Note-taking C carbohydrates Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Cell Structure and Function 99 Name Date Class Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice From My Teacher 100 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking Think, Discuss, Share Name Date Benchmark Mini-Assessment Class Chapter 2 | Lesson 4 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. 3. Which substance is a product of cellular respiration? SC.6.L.14.3 ATP A glucose Glucose (sugar) B lactic acid Cytoplasm C oxygen D water Chemical reactions Glucose (C6H12O6) ATP + Lactic acid (Energy) Glucose (C6H12O6) ATP + Carbon dioxide + Alcohol (CO2) (Energy) Muscle cells Smaller molecules ATP Note-taking Yeast cells 4. Which processes are shown in the image above? SC.6.L.14.3 F H two types of glycolysis I two types of photosynthesis B photosynthesis C alcohol fermentation D lactic-acid fermentation Study Guide 2. Which process produces the most ATP? SC.6.L.14.3 F Plant cells convert sunlight to sugar through photosynthesis. G Yeast cells produce ethanol through alcohol fermentation. Chapter Review H Human stomach cells convert sugar to energy through cellular respiration. I Human muscle cells generate energy at the end of a race through lactic-acid fermentation. Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A glycolysis G two types of fermentation Inquiry Lab 1. Which process is illustrated in the image above? SC.6.L.14.3 two types of cellular respiration Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Cell Structure and Function 101 Name Date Class Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice From My Teacher 102 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Inquiry Lab Note-taking Think, Discuss, Share Note-taking Date Inquiry Lab Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Name Class Notes From a Cell to an Organism 103