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Vol 441|1 June 2006|doi:10.1038/nature04840
LETTERS
Hrr25-dependent phosphorylation state regulates
organization of the pre-40S subunit
Thorsten Schäfer1, Bohumil Maco2, Elisabeth Petfalski3, David Tollervey3, Bettina Böttcher4, Ueli Aebi2
& Ed Hurt1
The formation of eukaryotic ribosomes is a multistep process that
takes place successively in the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and
cytoplasmic compartments1–4. Along this pathway, multiple preribosomal particles are generated, which transiently associate
with numerous non-ribosomal factors before mature 60S and
40S subunits are formed5–12. However, most mechanistic details
of ribosome biogenesis are still unknown. Here we identify a
maturation step of the yeast pre-40S subunit that is regulated by
the protein kinase Hrr25 and involves ribosomal protein Rps3. A
high salt concentration releases Rps3 from isolated pre-40S
particles but not from mature 40S subunits. Electron microscopy
indicates that pre-40S particles lack a structural landmark present
in mature 40S subunits, the ‘beak’. The beak is formed by the
protrusion of 18S ribosomal RNA helix 33, which is in close
vicinity to Rps3. Two protein kinases Hrr25 and Rio2 are associated with pre-40S particles. Hrr25 phosphorylates Rps3 and the
40S synthesis factor Enp1. Phosphorylated Rsp3 and Enp1 readily
dissociate from the pre-ribosome, whereas subsequent dephosphorylation induces formation of the beak structure and saltresistant integration of Rps3 into the 40S subunit. In vivo
depletion of Hrr25 inhibits growth and leads to the accumulation
of immature 40S subunits that contain unstably bound Rps3.
We conclude that the kinase activity of Hrr25 regulates the
maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
To analyse the maturation of pre-40S ribosomal subunits, we
assessed their interactions with non-ribosomal factors. Pre-40S
particles were isolated by tandem affinity purification (TAP) of the
associated non-ribosomal bait protein Rio2-TAP12 and subjected to
gel filtration in the presence of a high salt concentration (100 mM
MgCl2). Under these conditions all associated non-ribosomal factors
(namely Rio2, Tsr1, Ltv1, Enp1, Nob1, Hrr25, Dim1 and Dim2) were
dissociated from the 40S subunit (Fig. 1a). The ribosomal protein
Rps3 was also released, but the bulk of small subunit proteins
including Rps8 were not dissociated (Fig. 1a). In contrast, mature
40S subunits were not disrupted by 100 mM MgCl2; in particular, Rps3
remained associated (Supplementary Fig. S1). Gel-filtration chromatography of the salt-extracted pre-40S particle further revealed that
Enp1, Ltv1 and Rsp3 were eluted together in intermediate fractions,
which is indicative of complex formation (Fig. 1a). The remaining 40S
synthesis factors (for example Tsr1 and Rio2) were eluted in later
fractions, indicating that they became monomeric.
Ltv1 was previously shown to be associated with pre-40 subunits13,
whereas Enp1 is present in both early 90S and late 40S preribosomes12. Consistent with these findings was our observation
Figure 1 | Ltv1, Enp1 and Rps3 form an
extractable pre-ribosomal subcomplex.
a–c, Gel-filtration profiles of MgCl2-treated
pre-40S particles. Rio2-TAP (a) or Ltv1-TAP
(b, c) purifications were separated under
conditions of high (100 mM MgCl2; a, c) or low
(10 mM MgCl2; b) salt concentration. Input (L),
standard (S) and column fractions (1–17) were
analysed by SDS–PAGE and Coomassie staining,
or by western blotting with anti-CBP (bait),
anti-Rps3 and anti-Rps8 antibodies. Band 1, Ltv1;
band 2, Enp1; band 3, Rps3; asterisks, TEV
(Tobacco Etch Viral protease); diamonds,
Hsp70s. A 40S ‘core’ particle is eluted at
about 106 Da. d, Affinity purifications of
Ltv1-TAP from lysates at the indicated MgCl2 or
NaCl concentrations. Eluates were analysed by
SDS–PAGE and Coomassie staining.
1
Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2M. E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biozentrum, Universität
Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. 3Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK. 4EMBL, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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NATURE|Vol 441|1 June 2006
that Ltv1-TAP co-precipitated a late pre-40S particle indistinguishable from the Rio2-TAP particle (Fig. 1b). When the Ltv1 particle was
incubated with 100 mM MgCl2, Rps3 and all non-ribosomal factors
were dissociated, and Ltv1, Enp1 and Rps3 were again eluted together
(Fig. 1c).
To show more directly that Ltv1 and Enp1 form a salt-resistant
complex with Rps3, Ltv1-TAP was affinity-purified under different
salt conditions. After purification in 100 mM MgCl2 or 300 mM NaCl
(Fig. 1d), most non-ribosomal factors and ribosomal proteins were
dissociated from Ltv1-TAP, whereas Enp1 and Rps3 remained
bound. Taken together, these data showed that Ltv1, Enp1 and
Rps3 exist in a salt-resistant complex that can be released from
pre-40S subunits, whereas Rps3 cannot be extracted from mature 40S
subunits under these conditions.
The observation that Rps3 showed differential association with
pre-40S and mature 40S subunits prompted us to compare their
structures. The eukaryotic small subunit consists of three characteristic subdomains referred to as ‘head’, ‘body’ and ‘platform’.
Protruding rRNA turns and helices provide additional characteristic features in the 40S subunit structure, termed the ‘beak’,
‘shoulder’ and ‘feet’14–16 (see also Fig. 2c). Comparison of the
X-ray structure of the prokaryotic 30S subunit17 with cryoelectron-microscopy-based reconstruction of the yeast ribosome has
allowed the structure of the mature 40S subunit to be modelled at
atomic resolution16.
We initially compared negatively stained pre-40S subunits
with mature 40S subunits by electron microscopy (Fig. 2a, and
Supplementary Fig. S2a). Both particles exhibit the typical ‘head’,
‘platform’ and ‘body’ domains. However, the pre-40S ribosomal
particle lacks the prominent ‘beak’, which is a protrusion of
helix 33 of the 18S rRNA (Fig. 2a, c). Moreover, additional mass is
visible adjacent to the ‘platform’ of the pre-40S particle, which
could represent non-ribosomal factors (see also Supplementary
Fig. S2a).
Next we performed cryoelectron microscopy to further resolve
the structural differences between nascent and mature 40S subunits
(Fig. 2b, and Supplementary Fig. S2b). Three-dimensional reconstruction of the pre-40S particle showed the major structural landmarks of the small subunit, but the ‘beak’ was not visible (Fig. 2b, c).
However, an elongated structure was revealed in the pre-40S subunit,
which emerged from the head region and wrapped around in a
clockwise orientation. It is possible that this structure is the progenitor of the genuine ‘beak’ that protrudes from the mature 40S
subunit. We also observed an additional structure on the opposite
side of the head, which could be a flipped beak (see also Supplementary Fig. S2b and animated rotations). Notably, the prokaryotic
homologue of Rps3 (called S3) is located at the base of a structure
within the 30S subunit, which corresponds to the eukaryotic beak17.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the eukaryotic 40S subunit
places yeast Rps3 in a similar position16, indicating that it might
define the exposed position of eukaryotic helix 33 within the mature
40S subunit (see also Fig. 2c).
The evidence that Rps3 is not incorporated into the pre-40S
subunit in its final conformation would be consistent with a role
for Rps3 in 40S biogenesis. Depletion of the essential Rps3 from yeast
cells resulted in a strongly reduced export rate of 20S rRNA18 and
nuclear accumulation of pre-40S subunits (Supplementary Fig. S3).
Moreover, 20S and 35S pre-rRNA were increased and 27SA2 prerRNA was markedly decreased in the GAL1::RPS3 depletion mutant
(Supplementary Fig. S3).
We next addressed how the salt-resistant incorporation of Rsp3
into the 40S subunit and formation of the ‘beak’ structure might be
regulated. Two protein kinases, Rio2 and Hrr25, are associated with
the purified pre-40S subunits12, indicating that phosphorylation
might have a function in small subunit maturation. Notably, when
Ltv1-TAP was isolated from yeast lysates in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors, two bands, Ltv1 and Enp1, were shifted and
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migrated slower in the SDS-polyacrylamide gel when compared with
a preparation performed in the absence of phosphatase inhibitors
(Supplementary Fig. S4a). These data indicate that Lvt1 and Enp1 are
phosphorylated in vivo.
To assess whether these proteins can undergo phosphorylation in
vitro, pre-40S particles were purified without phosphatase inhibitors
to allow the removal of phosphate by endogenous phosphatases.
Incubation with ATP at 4 8C induced a shift in the mobility of the
Ltv1 and Enp1 bands on the SDS-polyacrylamide gel, indicating that
they were phosphorylated in vitro (Fig. 3a). When the pre-40S
subunits were incubated with ATP at physiological temperature
(30 8C), Ltv1, Enp1 and Rps3 were phosphorylated and were also
dissociated from the pre-ribosomes (Fig. 3b). In contrast, other nonribosomal factors were not dissociated. The bands corresponding to
phosphorylated Ltv1, Enp1 and Rps3 were eluted together in
intermediate fractions of the gel-filtration column, indicating that
they remained as a complex (Fig. 3b, and Supplementary Fig. S4b). In
contrast, incubation of the pre-40S particle at 30 8C in the absence of
ATP did not cause dissociation of Ltv1, Enp1 or Rps3 from the pre40S particle (Fig. 3c, and Supplementary Fig. S4b). These data
Figure 2 | Structural comparison of pre-40S and mature 40S subunits.
a, Projection averages (left) and electron-density contour maps (right) of
negatively stained 40S (left pair) and pre-40S (right pair) subunits. Scale
bars, 5 nm. b, Three-dimensional reconstruction of mature and pre-40S
particles from cryoelectron micrographs. Depicted are orientations from the
solvent (left), intersubunit (centre) and top (right) sides. Scale bar, 10 nm.
c, Tertiary structure of yeast 18S rRNA with superimposed Rps3 (blue) as
described in www.rcsb.org (Protein Data Bank, 1S1H). Major structural
landmarks of the 40S subunit are depicted. d, Development of the beak
structure within isolated pre-40S particles on phosphorylation and
subsequent dephosphorylation. In 23% of the isolated pre-40S particles
(affinity-purified by means of Rio2-TAP) beak formation was observed by
electron microscopy after negative staining. Left, class averages; right,
electron-density contour maps. Scale bar, 10 nm.
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NATURE|Vol 441|1 June 2006
Figure 3 | Phosphorylation state induces 40S
subunit maturation. a, ATP-induced
phosphorylation (4 8C) and dissociation of Ltv1
and Enp1 (30 8C) from isolated pre-40S subunits.
The indicated eluates of Ltv1-TAP and
Rio2-TAP preparations were analysed by
SDS–PAGE and Coomassie staining or western
blotting (anti-Rps3 antibody). Circles indicate bait
proteins; arrows identify ATP-induced band shifts.
Ltv1-TAP could not be eluted from IgG-beads on
treatment with ATP at 30 8C. b–d, ATP-dependent
dissociation of Ltv1–Enp1–Rps3 complex from
pre-40S particles. Incubation of Rio2-TAP
preparations with 1 mM ATP (b) or no ATP (c) for
30 min at 30 8C and analysis by gel filtration.
d, A phosphorylation–dephosphorylation cycle
induces salt-resistant association of Rps3 with
the pre-40S subunit. Gel-filtration profiles of
Rio2-TAP preparations treated with 10 mM (b, c)
or 100 mM (d) MgCl2, analysed by SDS–PAGE and
Coomassie staining or western blotting (anti-Rps3
antibody). Bands are identified as follows in b–d:
1, Ltv1; 2, Enp1; 3, Rps3; 4, Rio2; 5, Nob1;
6, Hrr25; asterisks, TEV protease.
indicate that treatment with ATP at physiological temperature
induced the phosphorylation and subsequent dissociation of Ltv1,
Enp1 and Rps3 from the 40S pre-ribosome.
We next tested whether phosphorylation of the pre-40S particle
was followed by a dephosphorylation step that triggers further pre40S subunit maturation. No specific phosphatases that participate in
ribosome biogenesis have been identified, and ATP-treated pre-40S
particles were therefore incubated with l-phosphatase. Subunit
maturation was monitored by gel-filtration chromatography and
electron microscopy. Biochemical analysis showed that a significant
fraction of Rps3 (about 25%) became associated with the mature 40S
subunits in a salt-resistant manner after a round of phosphorylation
followed by dephosphorylation (Fig. 3d). Consistent with this was
our EM examination, which revealed that 23% of negatively stained
pre-40S particles showed the characteristic beak structure, after
phosphorylation–dephosphorylation treatment (Fig. 2d). In
contrast, Rps3 was not stably associated with 40S subunits if either
the phosphorylation or dephosphorylation step was applied alone
(Supplementary Fig. S5a, b).
To identify the kinase(s) responsible for phosphorylation of the
pre-40S components, the two candidate kinases, RIO2 and HRR25,
were repressed in yeast with the use of the regulated GAL1 promoter
(Supplementary Figs S6 and S7). Rio2 has been reported to be
involved in the processing of 20S pre-rRNA19 and nuclear 40S
Figure 4 | Hrr25 kinase regulates 40S subunit maturation. a, Hrr25dependent phosphorylation of Enp1 and Rps3. Ltv1-TAP preparations from
GAL1::HRR25 cells grown in YPGal (yeast extract, peptone, galactose) or
YPGlu (yeast extract, peptone, glucose) were incubated with or without ATP
and analysed by SDS–PAGE with Coomassie staining. Upward arrows,
phosphorylated Ltv1, Enp1 and Rps3; downward arrows, dephosphorylated
Ltv1, Enp1 and Rps3. b, Hrr25-dependent dissociation of Enp1 and Rps3
from pre-40S subunits. Gel-filtration profiles are shown of Ltv1-TAP
preparations from GAL1::HRR25 cells grown for 12 h in YPGal (left) or
YPGlu (right) and incubated with ATP for 30 min at 30 8C. Fractions were
analysed by SDS–PAGE and Coomassie staining or western blotting (antiRps3 antibody). Band 1, Ltv1; band 2, Enp1. c, 40S subunits from Hrr25depleted cells contain salt-extractable Rps3. Gel-filtration profiles are shown
of 100 mM MgCl2-treated mature 40S subunits isolated from GAL1::HRR25
cells grown for 12 h in YPGal (left) or YPGlu (right). Fractions were analysed
by SDS–PAGE and western blotting (anti-Rps3 and anti-Rsp8 antibodies).
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subunit export12. The casein kinase I isoform Hrr25 has multiple
roles in the cell20 but has not been implicated in ribosome biogenesis.
Notably, when pre-40S particles were purified from Hrr25-depleted
cells and incubated with ATP, Enp1 and Rps3 were apparently not
phosphorylated and not released from the pre-40S subunit (Fig. 4a, b).
Ltv1 was partly phosphorylated in Hrr25-depleted pre-ribosomes
and was dissociated from the pre-40S particle (Fig. 4a, b). In contrast,
pre-40S particles isolated from Rio2-depleted cells and incubated
with ATP still exhibited phosphorylated Enp1, Rps3 and Ltv1, which
were dissociated at 30 8C (Supplementary Fig. S7). These data
showed that the phosphorylation and subsequent dissociation of
Enp1 and Rps3 from the 40S pre-ribosome is regulated by the Hrr25
protein kinase.
To determine whether Hrr25 controls Rps3 assembly in vivo, 40S
subunits were isolated from the Hrr25-depleted cells by sucrosegradient centrifugation and treated with a high salt concentration.
Rps3 was released from the 40S subunit on incubation with 100 mM
MgCl2, whereas most ribosomal proteins, including Rps8, were not
dissociated (Fig. 4c). When 40S subunits were isolated from the
GAL1::HRR25 strain grown in galactose (no Hrr25 depletion), Rps3
was not extracted by 100 mM MgCl2 (Fig. 4c). The Hrr25-depleted
cells showed defects in 18S rRNA maturation that closely resembled
those seen in strains genetically depleted of Rps3 (compare Supplementary Figs S6b and S3b), strongly supporting their functional
interaction in vivo. Depletion of Hrr25 also inhibited nuclear export
of the 40S subunit (Supplementary Fig. S6c), as previously reported
for Rps3 depletion18. Taken together, the data reveal that Hrr25
functions at a late step in 40S subunit biogenesis that regulates the
association of Rps3 with the 40S subunit, both in vitro and in vivo.
Thus, we have uncovered a maturation step in 40S subunit
biogenesis during which the binding of ribosomal protein Rps3
and the structure of the beak region of the 40S subunit are reorganized. Our data indicate that the beak RNA remains flexible while Rps3
is not tightly integrated into the 40S subunit. Hrr25-dependent
phosphorylation and subsequent dephosphorylation are required
for Rps3 to achieve its final association with the 40S subunit, which
induces beak formation. We speculate that the incorporation of
negatively charged phosphate groups into the Rps3, Enp1 and Ltv1
proteins weakens their association with the 40S subunit as a result of
electrostatic repulsion. Subsequent removal of the phosphate group
from Rps3 might then allow it to form a more stable association with
the rRNA. The significance of the structural reorganization of the
pre-40S particle remains to be determined, but a protruding, rigid
beak might hinder passage through the nuclear pore complex. The
nuclear pre-40S particles might retain a transport-competent structure, without a hindering beak, until transit through the nuclear pore
complex. Mutations in Enp1, Ltv1 and Rps3 cause defects in the
nuclear exit of pre-40S subunits, although it is unclear whether they
have direct functions in export. These proteins all seem to be bound
to the head region of the nascent 40S subunit, as is Rps15, another
small subunit protein with a role in 40S subunit export21. Thus, the
pre-40S head region without an exposed beak might have a key
function in recruiting nuclear export factors and initiating nuclear
export.
Received 22 December 2005; accepted 25 April 2006.
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METHODS
Pre-40S ribosomal subunits were affinity-purified with TAP-tagged bait
proteins Ltv1 or Rio2, as described22. Mature 40S subunits were isolated by
sucrose-density centrifugation5 of whole cell lysates or by affinity purification
of translation factor Nip1. Isolated ribosomal particles were analysed by
SDS–PAGE and Coomassie staining. Associated non-ribosomal factors were
identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass
spectrometry5. Pre-40S and mature 40S subunits were subjected to gel-filtration
chromatography under conditions of low (10 mM MgCl2) and high (100 mM
MgCl2) salt concentration to separate subcomplexes and analyse the association
state of Rps3 by western analysis23. To compare pre-40S and mature 40S subunits
at the structural level, negative-staining electron microscopy and cryoelectron
microscopy with three-dimensional reconstruction were performed. An in vitro
654
assay was developed that allowed us to monitor the dependence of the
maturation of pre-40S subunits on phosphorylation (addition of ATP) and
dephosphorylation (phosphatase treatment). To analyse the role of HRR25 or
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assay for nuclear export of ribosomal subunits25,26 were applied. For repression of
HRR25, RPS3 and RIO2 gene expression in yeast, the genes were placed under the
control of the GAL1 promoter27. A detailed description of the experimental
procedures used is provided in Supplementary Information.
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Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at
www.nature.com/nature.
Acknowledgements We thank S. Merker, P. Ihrig, J. Reichert, J. Pfannstiel and
J. Lechner for performing mass spectrometry, and M. Seedorf and G. Dieci
for the gift of antibodies. B.B. acknowledges support by a grant from EU-NOE
(3D-Repertoire). E.H. is recipient of grants from the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft and Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. E.P and D.T.
were supported by the Wellcome Trust.
Author Contributions Experiments were designed and data were analysed and
interpreted by T.S. and E.H. Strain constructions, DNA recombinant work,
fluorescence microscopy and biochemical analyses (affinity purification, gel
filtration, sucrose gradient centrifugation and in vitro assays) were performed by
T.S. Negative-staining electron microscopy was conducted by B.M. and U.A.,
and cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction by B.B.
E.P. and D.T. performed rRNA processing analyses. The manuscript was written
by T.S. and E.H. All authors discussed the results and commented on the
manuscript.
Author Information Three-dimensional reconstructions of mature 40S and
pre-40S ribosomal subunits have been deposited in the EMBL-EBI Molecular
Structure Database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/msd/) and can be retrieved under
accession numbers EMD-1211 and EMD-1212. Reprints and permissions
information is available at npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions. The authors
declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence and requests for
materials should be addressed to E.H. ([email protected]).
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