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Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere warming the earth Some of the energy is radiated back into space Some of the outgoing radiation is trapped within the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases The Earth would be 33 colder if it weren’t for the greenhouse effect The “Greenhouse Effect” The problem is since industrialisation we’ve been doing this… Some of the outgoing radiation is trapped within the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases The Earth would be 33 colder if it weren’t for the greenhouse effect The “Greenhouse Effect” More of the outgoing radiation is trapped within the atmosphere by the increasing greenhouse gases The “Enhanced Greenhouse Effect” The Whitechuck Glacier (USA) retreated 1900m between 1973 and 2006 1973 2006 The Boulder Glacier retreated 450m between 1987 and 2005 Quelccaya Ice Cap Peru, 1977 Lonnie G. Thompson 1000 Years of CO2 and Global Warming Temperature (Northern Hemisphere) Atmospheric CO2 1 380 360 0.5 340 0 320 300 -0.5 280 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 1000 -1 260 Source: NOAA 650,000 Years of CO2 and Global Warming 600 CO2 (ppm) 500 400 300 200 100 0 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 -7E -6E -6E -5E -5E -4E -4E -3E -3E -2E -2E -1E -500 0 500 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 00 00 Years BP 600 50 500 40 400 30 Today’s CO2 300 20 200 10 100 0 0 -10 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 -7E -6E -6E -5E -5E -4E -4E -3E -3E -2E -2E -1E -50 0 500 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 000 00 Years BP Temperature (C) CO2 (ppm) 650,000 Years of CO2 and Global Warming 650,000 Years of CO2 and Global Warming Projected Emissions for 2050 50 500 40 400 30 Today’s CO2 300 20 200 10 100 0 0 -10 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 -7E -6E -6E -5E -5E -4E -4E -3E -3E -2E -2E -1E -50 0 500 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 +05 000 00 Years BP Temperature (C) CO2 (ppm) 600 The Ten Hottest Years on Record Have Occurred in the Last 13 Years Global Temperature Anomalies 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 SOURCE: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: National Climate Data Center The warming is primarily due to Human Activities Radiative Forcing Components 3.5 3 -2 Forcing (W m ) 2.5 2 1.5 1 Natural Factors Human Induced Factors 0.5 0 CO2 CH4, N20, Halocarbons Ozone Statospheric Water Vapor Surface Albedo Aerosol Component Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Solar Irradiance Rainfall is declining in the southwest Streamflow in Perth Hills has dropped by 75% Source: Water Corporation of WA 2007 Extremes in Australia Murray Darling Basin August 2007 Hunter Valley June 2007 June 2007 Newcastle Flood 80 16 40 8 0 0 1900 Source: National Geographic 4.2004 2000 Number of Invasive Species Frost Days Shifts in Seasons Mountain Pine Beetle Damage Source: Tree Hugger So much for what is already happening. What is projected to happen in future? •Impacts on global temperatures •Impacts on rainfall •Impacts on drought and fire •Biodiversity impacts •Sea level impacts Projected Temperatures in Australia to 2100 Projected Rainfall in Australia to 2100 “Extreme fire danger days likely to increase by up to 25% by 2020 & 70% by 2050” - IPCC 100% of Acacia Species in Southwest WA will become extinct with 1-2C of warming Photography by J. Flint, M. Hancock, S.D. Hopper & E. Wajon. Image used with the permission of the Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation (http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/help/copyright). Accessed on Thursday, 18 October 2007. 97% of the Great Barrier Reef will be bleached every year with 2-3C of warming Photo: Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Loss of Artic Sea Ice 1979-2007 Scientists predict the ice will be gone by 2032 Mandurah Today Mandurah with a 1m Sea Level Rise What governments need to do to stop these projections from becoming reality Establish an emissions trading scheme by 2010; Commit to stop emissions increasing by 2010; Set emissions reduction target of 30% by 2020; Raise emissions reduction target for 2050 from 60% to 80%. Stop building coal-fired power stations (until carbon capture and sequestration is a reality) Examples of New Renewable Energy Technology – Solar Thermal Power Examples of New Renewable Energy Technology – Wave Power One hundred percent of respondents viewed climate change as strategically significant to their organisation in the next five years. Carbon conscious, Survey of executive opinion on climate change in Australia, PWC, December 2006. “Ninety-four percent of companies [in Australia and NZ] recognise the potential for climate related issues to affect earnings, liabilities or the company’s general risk profile.” Carbon Disclosure Project, 2006, Australia and New Zealand. “Those that adapt will survive. Those that anticipate will prosper” James Cameron, Chairman of CDP from “Confronting Climate Risk – Business, Investment and the Carbon Disclosure Project – October 2006. “Climate change presents a number of risks that Courts would consider to be reasonably foreseeable.” CSIRO: Infrastructure and Climate Change Risk Assessment for Victoria: Report to the Victorian Government (2007) “…many commentators have forecast a wave of climate change litigation, with parallels being drawn with the tobacco and asbestos litigation, no doubt in part because of the involvement of states and the potential scope of the proceedings.” International law firm Allens Arthur Robinson “Australia’s business leaders …. see skill shortages and global warming, not overregulation and terrorism, as the biggest threats to their prosperity.” PWC’s 2007 Global CEO survey. Two companies that are leading the way •Westpac •Dupont Westpac DuPont’s Public Commitment for 2010 • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 65% versus 1990 • Hold total energy use flat versus a 1990 baseline • Supply 10% of total energy needs from renewable resources at a cost competitive with best available fossil derived alternatives Greenhouse Gas Emissions in DuPont • Most CO2 emissions come from energy use, however CO2 is dwarfed by other GHG emissions: o The manufacture of some refrigerants create HFC’s o 1 pound of HFC-23 is equivalent to 11,700 pounds of CO2 The manufacture of adipic acid creates N2O 1 pound of N2O is equivalent to 310 pounds of CO2 1990 GHG Emissions (CO2 Equivalent) Carbon Dioxide Nitrous Oxide HFC's, PFC's and CH4 18% 28% 54% Reducing Non-CO2 GHG Emissions To reduce GHG emissions by 65%, Dupont had to change the way it made two profitable products: Nylon and HFC’s • Developed advanced thermal destruction technology for N2O • Co-developed a process to convert N2O to nitric acid • Used Six Sigma methodology to improve HFC process yields • Found markets for non-emissive uses of HFC-23 • Building facilities to incinerate the remaining HFC23 Dupont met its GHG Goal 8 Years Early 250 Billions of Pounds of CO2 Equivalent Emissions Carbon Dioxide Nitrous Oxide HFC's, PFC's, CH4 200 Greenhouse Gas Emissions have been reduced by 65% since 1990. 150 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 “What started as an effort to address our carbon footprint has turned out to be financially a very good thing.” Linda Fisher, VP of Environment, Health and Safety, DuPont Why reduce your businesses carbon footprint? Because its cost is being internalised It will add value to your business Staff and shareholders are demanding it Customers will demand it To live your values For future generations How do you rate? An integrated approach to carbon opportunities 1. Understand and Measure x x x x x x x x x x x x 2. Committment, Policy and Objectives • Could be developed during a half-day workshop with senior management: Presentation on current state of climate change; Identification and assessment of major climate change risks; Development of a climate change policy linked with targets; Agreement on approach to executing emissions reduction projects; Agreement on approach to engaging employees and stakeholders Assessing Climate Change Risks 3. Reducing Emissions & 4. Replacing Voluntary emission reduction means Operational improvement Anticipating & influencing climate change regulations Accessing new sources of capital Improving risk management Elevating corporate reputation Identifying new market opportunities Enhanced human resource management Hoffman, A. (2005) “Climate change strategy: The business logic behind y greenhouse gas reductions,” California Management Review, Volume 47, Number 3, Spring. In one year Victorian businesses saved $38.2 million by cutting 1.23 million tonnes of greenhouse gases “Business cannot succeed in a society that fails.” World Business Council for Sustainable Development We we all need to do to stop the projections from becoming reality Reduce our own emissions Switch to green power Offset the rest Spread the word Reduce your emissions Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Typical Australian Household Electricity 17% Gas 3% Waste 13% Food 27% Air Travel 20% Vehicle Travel 20% Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Typical Australian Household Electricity 17% Gas 3% Waste 13% Food 27% Air Travel 20% Vehicle Travel 20% Unit Emissions from Major Food Types 30 25 gCO2/Kcal 20 15 10 5 0 Lamb Beef Pork Fish Eggs Milk Chicken Vegetables The Good News for Red Meat Lovers Kangaroo meat has very low levels of greenhouse gases associated with its production • Kangaroos produce no methane; • No emissions associated with raising pasture and growing food for Kangaroos How to reduce your food emissions •Eat less red meat – For each kilo of red meat you remove from your diet each week, you will save approximately 1 tonne in annual emissions. •Grow your own vegetables and fruits. – There are significant emissions associate with transportation and packaging of fruit and vegetables. Whatever fruit and vegetables you do buy, aim to buy locally – with minimal food miles. •Eat less processed foods. – Processing inevitably means some form of electricity use and some foods undergo multiple processes before they get to the table. •Minimise packaging – Take along own reusable bags for fruit and vegetables, flour, nuts etc. Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Typical Australian Household Electricity 17% Gas 3% Waste 13% Food 27% Air Travel 20% Vehicle Travel 20% How to reduce your vehicle travel emissions •Take the Bus – The average Perth commuter could save $7,000 per year!!! – Enjoy the chauffeur driven ride to the city •Ride your Bike or Walk – Get fit and help save the planet •Buy a Lower Emission Vehicle – Only when it is time to replace your existing vehicle Buying a Low Emission Vehicle 1 Toyota Prius 2 Fiat Punto 3 Citroen C3 4 Holden Astra 5 Honda Civic 6 Mercedes-Benz A200 7 Mercedes-Benz B200 8 Toyota Corolla 9 Peugeot 207 10 Honda Civic Hybrid Source: http://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/ Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Typical Australian Household Electricity 17% Gas 3% Waste 13% Food 27% Air Travel 20% Vehicle Travel 20% Household Electricity Consumption for Typical Southwest WA Household Sundry Appliances 11% Lighting 4% Water Heating 32% Cooking 12% Refrigeration 16% Heating and Cooling 25% Options for Reducing Water Heating •Convert to solar hot water systems: – Traditional flat plate solar hot water systems with tank on roof; – Flat plate solar hot water system with tank on ground; – Evacuated tube hot water system; – Heat pump hot water system; • Reduce time of showers to 4 minutes; • Install low-flow shower heads Options for Reducing Heating and Cooling • • • • • • • • Use of heavy drapes and pelmets; Use of solar window films; Use of double glazing; Use of secondary glazing films; Use of shade sails; Use of shade trees and green belts around houses; Use of whirligigs; Removal of heat sources from within home (eg halogen lights); • Use of ceiling fans rather than air conditioners; • Use of insulation; • Use of light coloured roofing (painting a dark roof white will reduce temperature by 3C); Switch to •Synergy offers two options for green power: •“Natural Power” • – Costs an extra 4.4c per unit for NaturalPower – For the average household means an extra 50c per day – Ensures 100% of your electricity comes from renewable sources “Easy Green” – Customers can sign up in $10 annual increments •Switching to NaturalPower or Easy Green is easy – Call Synergy on 13 13 54 – Go to their website http://www.synergyenergy.com.au Offset the rest www.carbonneutral.com.au www.climatefriendly.com Spread the word Want to know more? www.wardoffclimatechange.com.au Want to know more? Channel 31 7:15am Tuesdays The world in front of us