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Transcript
THE CELL This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law. Cell theory ! Principles ! Cell is basic unit of life ! All organisms are made of cells " Unicellular " Multicellular ! All cells come from cells Cell basics Cell membrane ! Organelles ! ! Discrete ! structures inside Cytoplasm ! Fluid inside cell Why are cells so small? Types of cells ! Prokaryotic ! aka Bacteria ! No nucleus ! DNA throughout cell " circular ! No membrane-bound organelles ! Ribosomes: make proteins Types of cells ! Eukaryotic ! Plants, animals, fungi, protists ! Complex ! Have nucleus " DNA ! Many is linear membrane-bound organelles ! Uni- or multicellular The nucleus ! Nuclear envelope ! Membrane bound ! Nuclear pores " gatekeepers ! Chromatin ! Middle ! Contains ! chromosomes Nucleolus ! Dark core ! Produces ribosomes Genes Code for distinct bits of mRNA ! Transcription ! Endoplasmic Reticulum Internal delivery service ! mRNA travels ! ! Outside nuclear pore ! Through ER ! To Ribosome ! Ribosome ! Synthesizes ! Translation proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum ! Rough ER ! Has ribosomes ! Functions " Protein " Ribosomes " Protein " synthesis shipping Transport vesicles " Membrane " synthesis Lipids + proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum ! Smooth ER ! No Ribosomes ! Functions " Creation of lipids " Hormones " For membranes " Breaks down carbohydrates " Liver cells " Detoxifies drugs/poisons " Liver cells Golgi Apparatus ! Functions ! Products of ER are: " Modified " Stored " Shipped " ! ID tags Polarity ! “cis” – receiving ! “trans” – shipping Golgi Apparatus Lysosome ! Membrane bound ! Functions ! Digestion of “food” " Phagocytosis ! Recycle cell materials " Autophagy ! Programmed cell death Lysosome Vacuole ! ! ! Large sac Derived from ER/Golgi Functions ! Plants " Storage " (i.e. proteins in seeds) " Disposal site of harmful molecules " Colors ! Protists " Expel excess water " Contractile vacuoles Vacuole Mitochodrion ! Structure ! Double membrane ! Contain own DNA " Make own ribosomes " Make some proteins ! Functions ! Site of cellular respiration ! Energy transformer " Generates ATP from sugars and fats Mitochondrion Cytoskeleton ! Structure ! ! Interconnected ! Structural support ! Change cell shape ! Cell movement ! Whole cell microtubules Cytoskeleton Function Cilia Flagella Chloroplast ! Structure ! Double ! membrane ! Site of photosynthesis " Light ! Stroma ! Grana Functions (short stack) " Thylakoid (pancake) " Chlorophyll energy to chemical energy Chloroplast Cell wall Unique to plants ! Structural support ! Made of cellulose ! ! i.e. wood Cell wall