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9/16/2012 Types of cells • Prokaryotes – Simple, primitive cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles – Ex. Bacteria • Eukaryotes – Complex cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles – Ex. plant, animals, fungi, protists Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes • Organelle comparisons Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes • Size comparisons – most bacteria Animal cell Bacterial cell • 1-10 microns – eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns POINTS OF REFERENCE micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns The Many JOBS of a Cell WHY study cells? • Bodies are made up of cells • Cells do all the work of life! • gas exchange – O2 in; CO2 out • eat – take in & digest food • make energy – ATP • build molecules – proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids • remove wastes • control internal conditions – homeostasis • respond to external environment • build more cells – growth, repair, reproduction & development 1 9/16/2012 THREE Primary Jobs ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) • Energy production – need energy for all activities – need to clean up waste produced while making energy Organelles • Literally translates to “tiny organs” • Do the work of cells – each structure has a job to do • keeps the cell alive and thus keeps the organism alive • Protein production – proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them • Reproduction – for growth – to replace damaged or diseased cells Cell Membrane • Function • Making energy – separates cell from outside – controls what enters or leaves cell – to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… • • • • take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste • O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste – recognizes signals from other cells • allows cells to communicate – organelles that do this work… • • • • cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria • Structure – double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer – receptor molecules • proteins that receive signals Mighty the Mitochondria Vacuoles & Vesicles Food & Water Storage • Function – moving material around cell – storage of water, nutrients, and minerals • Animal cells – food vacuole small food particle • Structure lysosome filled w/ digestive enzymes – membrane sac ENDOCYTOSIS vesicle • Contain food reserves such as sugars and mineral salts which are used by the cytoplasm when required – contractile vacuole EXOCYTOSIS vesicles filled w/ digested nutrients • Mainly found in protists • Pumps water out to maintain osmotic homeostasis in freshwater environments 2 de/speci sorders. 9/16/2012 Food & Water Storage Lysosomes • Plant cells – central vacuole • Function – digest food – Larger than animal vacuoles – Helps keep plants from “drying out” • used to make energy – clean up & recycle CENTRAL VACUOLE • digest broken organelles • Structure – membrane sac of digestive enzymes http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/stu dent_view0/chapter2/animati on__lysosomes.html Lysosomes and YOU! Mitochondria • Degrade tissues during embryonic development • Function – make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure – double membrane • Lysosomal Storage Diseases – Tay-Sachs – Pompe’s Plants make Energy in TWO ways Mitochondria & Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts – make energy + sugar from sunlight • photosynthesis • sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar – ATP = active energy – sugar = stored energy » build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars MITOCHONDRIA (in BOTH plants AND animals) • Mitochondria – make energy from sugar + O2 • cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP 3 9/16/2012 PROTEINS do all the work! • Making proteins – to run daily life & growth, the cell must… • One of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because proteins do all the work. • read genes (DNA) • build proteins – structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) – enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) – signals (hormones) & receptors – organelles that do this work… • • • • nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Nucleus • Function – control center of cell – protects DNA • instructions for building proteins • Structure – nuclear membrane – nucleolus • ribosome factory Ribosomes • Function – protein factories – read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure – some free in cytoplasm – some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER – chromosomes • DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function – works on proteins • helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them – makes membranes • Structure – rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins – smooth ER • makes membranes Golgi Apparatus a.k.a. Golgi body • Function – finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters – shipping & receiving department – ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure – membrane sacs/tubes • Resemble a stack of pancakes 4 9/16/2012 Centrioles • Making more cells – to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… • copy their DNA • make extra organelles • divide the new DNA & new organelles between two new “daughter” cells • Function – help coordinate cell division in ANIMAL cells • Structure – one pair in each ANIMAL cell – organelles that do this work… • nucleus • centrioles Nucleus • Contents are copied and then divided into two new cells. 5