Download biology 12: u nit d - c

BIOLOGY 12: UNIT D - CHAPTER 3 - REVIEW WORKSHEET
THE CELL – SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE
A. CELL THEORY
1. Define the cell theory. (p. 46)
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2. Why does an electron microscope (either TEM or SEM) have much greater resolving power than the light microscope?
(p. 47)
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B. EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
1. Define a eukaryotic cell. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. What are the two major biochemical components found in plant and animal cell membranes? (p. 49)
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3. What are the differences between plant primary and secondary cell walls? (p. 49)
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4. Which part of the cell functions as the control center? Which molecule directs protein synthesis? (p. 52)
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5. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
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6. What is the function of the nucleolus?
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7. How many layers are in the nuclear envelope? __________________
8. What role do nuclear pores serve? (p. 52)
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9. _______________________ are dense granules composed of _____ subunits that contain both RNA and
_________________________. They are the sites of _________________ synthesis. When several ribosomes are making the
same protein, they are arranged in a functional group called a ______________________.
10. What is the structural difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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11. What are the functions of rough ER?
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12. a) What are the functions of smooth ER? (p. 53)
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b) What types of body cells contains a lot of smooth ER? Why? (p. 53)
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13. Ribosomes attached to the ER produce proteins that are destined for the _________________
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14. How does the ER serve as a transport system?
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15. a) Describe the appearance of the Golgi apparatus. (p. 54)
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b) Describe the polarity of the GA. __________________________________________________________________________________
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c) What are the functions of the GA? ________________________________________________________________________________
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16. What is the difference between a vacuole and a vesicle? (p. 55)
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17. Most vacuoles serve as _________________ areas for various kinds of molecules; in plants, the large central vacuole is
filled with a watery fluid, which gives added ___________
to the cell.
18. Lysosomes contain ________________ enzymes that digest macromolecules. Why is auto digestion necessary?
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19. How are lysosomes and peroxisomes similar? (p. 55) _______________________________________________________________
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20. a) What is the internal pH of lysosomes? _________________
b) How is this pH maintained? _______________________________________________________________________________________
c) What are the two reactions that occur inside peroxisomes?
RXN 1: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RXN 2: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. a) List the two energy-related organelles of the cell. b) Which is unique to plants?
c) Why are both considered semi-autonomous? (p. 56)
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22. Describe the structure of mitochondria – indicate number of membranes and number of internal compartments. Why
are mitochondria important to the cell?
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23. a) Write the overall equation for aerobic (in the presence of O2) cellular respiration.
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b) Do mitochondria use up or give off oxygen? _______________________________________
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24. a) What are plastids? (p. 57) _____________________________________________________________________________________
b) What are amyloplasts? ___________________________________________________________________________________________
c) What are chromoplasts? __________________________________________________________________________________________
25. a) How many membranes are there in chloroplasts? ______________________________
b) Distinguish among thylakoids, granum, and stroma in chloroplasts in terms of structure and function. (p. 57)
thylakoids ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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granum ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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stroma _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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26. What is the role of chlorophyll? Where is it found?
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27. Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. (p. 56)
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28. What are the functions of the cell’s cytoskeleton? (p. 58)
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29. Microtubules are composed of the globular protein __________________ that can ______________________ and
disassemble.
30. List two cellular functions of microtubules. What controls them?
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31. Where are actin filaments found within a cell? What are they used for?
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32. Where are intermediate filaments found within a cell? What is their role in the cell?
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33. Describe the structure (= pattern) of centrioles and give their function.
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34. a) Where are cilia and flagella found? How are they similar in terms of structure/MT arrangement, as well as
function? How are they different?
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b) What is the function of basal bodies?
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35. List several differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. (p. 62)
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36. What are the structural differences between animal and plant cells?
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37. What is the advantage for a cell to have different organelles to carry on different functions?
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C. COMPLETION AND SHORT ANSWER
NUCLEUS
1. The nucleus is enclosed by the _________________ ____________________, which contains ___________________
_________________ that open into the cytoplasm. At the time of cell division, chromatin ____________________ to form
chromosomes. The relationship between the nucleoli and ribosomes is that____________________________________________
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DNA within the nucleus controls _______________________ synthesis.
2. Which of the following (frog egg cell, cell nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and ribosomes) would be
visible
a) using the unaided eye? __________________________________________________________________________________________
b) using the compound light microscope? ___________________________________________________________________________
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c) using the electron microscope? ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how the following pair of organelles work together.
a) lysosomes and vesicles ___________________________________________________________________________________________
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b) endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus ______________________________________________________________________
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c) centrioles and cilia _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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d) ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum ____________________________________________________________________________
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e) chloroplasts and mitochondria ___________________________________________________________________________________
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D. MATCHING AND FILL IN THE BLANK
_____ 1. packaging and secretion
a. mitochondria
_____ 2. hydrolytic enzymes
b. ribosomes
_____ 3. energy production
c. lysosomes
_____ 4. protein synthesis
d. centrioles
_____ 5. cell division
e. Golgi apparatus
_____ 6. cell motion
f. cilia
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7. __________________________________ are cylinders composed of thirteen rows of globular proteins, found in multiple units
in other organelles such as the centriole, cilia, and flagella.
8. ________________________ is a threadlike network in the nucleus that is made up of DNA and proteins.
9. List two types of nucleic acids. Human genes are composed of which type?
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10. __________________________ is an organelle in which digestion takes place due to the action of powerful hydrolytic
enzymes.
11. The cristae in mitochondria are used for the production of ____________ by means of ______________________________
_______________________.
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