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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) • contains genetic info that encodes traits that you receive from your parents • in cell it’s packaged into chromatin (protein + DNA) • groups of chromatin = chromosomes • genes are groups of DNA that encode protein • Structure of DNA -- strings of nucleotides (sugar +phosphate + bases) --1 sugar = deoxyribose -- 4 bases = adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine -- has 5’ and 3’ ends -- double stranded in an antiparallel fashion (5’end of 1 strand bases pairs w/ 3’ end of the other strand) -- stabilized by covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate and between bases and sugar -- also base-base interactions stabilized by hydrogen bonds -- adenine always pairs w/ thymine; guanine always w/ cytosine. So # A = # T and # C = # G Process by which it is copied (during mitosis, for example) = replication (occurs in nucleus) and is catalyzed by DNA polymerase It is semiconservative in that each parent strand separates from its partner, and pairs up the complementary daughter strand (remember A-T and G-C and antiparallel) RNA (ribonucleic acid) single stranded has 5’ and 3’ends contains sugar (ribose), 4 bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil—replaces thymine) made in nucleus by process know as transcription RNA (ribonucleic acid) continued Transcription—copies one of the DNA strands from the 3’end, and makes RNA beginning at its 5’end. The new RNA is complementary (A=U and G=C) and antiparallel to the coding strand of DNA Transcription is catalyzed in the nucleus by RNA polymerase 3 types of RNA mRNA—Is the template read to make protein tRNA—brings correct amino acid into position according to mRNA’s code (3 bases in row from 5’ to 3’; the codon); tRNA has the anticodon; read from 3’ to 5’ and is complementary and antiparallel to the codon of mRNA) and brings the correct amino acid to the correct codon. For each amino acid, there is a codon (3 letter base code of mRNA) Ribosome—catalyzes the translation of RNA into protein by linking the amino acids together brought by tRNA Proteins are composed of amino acids; different “language” from DNA and RNA Instead of 5’ and 3’ ends, they have amino and carboxyl ends Mutations Are changes in the DNA sequence from the correct sequence Caused by errors by DNA polymerase or by mutagens nonsense—no protein made sense—same mutation made missense—different/altered protein made DNA Fingerprinting Used in forensics and paternity tests Compares DNA fragment patterns (everyone is unique) or restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP’s)— generated by cutting DNA w/ enzymes (restriction enzymes) DNA fragments are analyzed by separating them on an agarose gel and staining the DNA w/ methylene blue or ethidium bromide