Download PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET

PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET
Psychology
Behavior
Mental Process
Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Psychoanalyst Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Biological Perspective
Social-Cultural Perspective
Behavior Genetics
Chromosomes
Genes
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
Heritability
Norms
Culture
Confirmation Bias
Researcher Bias
Naturalistic Observation
Case Study
Correlation Study
Survey Method
Longitudinal Study vs. Cross Sectional Study
Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Informed Consent
Frequency Distribution
Mode
Mean
Median
Range
Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution
Dendrites
Axons
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Hormones
Endocrine System
Medulla
Corpus Callosum
Cerebral Cortex
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
CAT Scan
MRI Scan
PET Scan
EEG
Sensation
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Sensory Adaptation
Pupil
Trichromatic Theory
Pitch
Loudness
Sound
Cochlea
Chemical Senses
Sensation of Touch
Kinesthetics
Gate-Control Theory
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology (Principles)
Visual Cliff Experiment
Retinal Disparity
Motivation
Instinct
Drive Reduction Theory
Homeostasis
Extrinsic Motivation vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Self-Actualization)
Basal Metabolic Rate
Emotion
Stressor
Stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
Teratogens
Maturation
Jean Piaget (Theory)
Cognition
Assimilation
Accommodation
Attachment
Harry Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiment
Imprinting
Nature vs. Nurture
Adolescence
Primary Sex Characteristics vs. Secondary Sex Characteristics
Alzheimer’s Disease
Senile Dementia
Personality
Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud’s Map of the Mind (Id, Ego, Superego)
Inferiority Complex (Alfred Adler)
Collective Unconscious
Self-Concept
Traits
Big Five Personality Factors
Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Spontaneous Recovery
Extinction
Discrimination
Generalization
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement
Observational Learning
Steps Involved In Information Processing
Proactive Interference vs. Retroactive Interference
Repression
Consciousness
Biological Rhythms (3)
Sleep Cycle
Sleep Apnea
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Dependence
Psychoactive Drug
Withdrawal
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Concept
Prototype
Algorithm
Mental Set
Functional Fixedness
Phoneme
Morpheme
Intelligence
Aptitude Tests
Achievement Tests
Psychological Disorder
Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Phobia
Panic Attack
Dissociative Disorders
Delusions
Psychotherapy
Biomedical Therapies
Depression
Fugue
PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET
Psychology
-the science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior
-something that is directly observable
Mental Process
-the things that we cannot observe directly
Behavioral Perspective
-psychology should focus exclusively on studying observable behaviors
Humanistic Perspective
-focuses on how healthy people strive to reach their full potential
Psychoanalyst Perspective
-focus on understanding unconscious drives and conflicts in explaining human behavior
Cognitive Perspective
-focuses on understanding how people think, process, store, and retrieve information
Biological Perspective
-explains human behavior in the context of understanding the chemicals, hormones, and physical
structures of the body
Social-Cultural Perspective
-focus on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations
Behavior Genetics
-the study of the effects of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Chromosomes
-threadlike structures found in the nucleus of a cell
Genes
-our physical form, our relative risk of developing certain diseases, our tendency to engage in various
behaviors
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
-“identical twins” – siblings that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two
-“fraternal twins” – siblings that develop from two separate eggs
Heritability
-refer to how much genes contribute to a certain trait
Norms
-understood rules for accepted and expected social behavior
Culture
-share attitudes, beliefs, norms, and behaviors of a group transmitted over generations
Confirmation Bias
-when researchers only search for information that supports their preconceptions
Researcher Bias
-when researchers selectively notice evidence that supports their hypothesis
Naturalistic Observation
-the researchers observe and record behaviors in naturally occurring situations
Case Study
-a research technique in which one person is studied in depth
Correlation Study
-a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each another
Survey Method
-a research technique designed to discover self-reported attitudes or behaviors through questionnaires
Longitudinal Study vs. Cross Sectional Study
-Longitudinal Study – study the same group of people over a long period
-Cross Sectional Study – compare individuals from different age groups at one time
Hypothesis
-a researchers testable prediction about the outcome of research
Independent Variable
-the variable the experimenter manipulates in order to examine its effect on the dependent variable
Dependent Variable
-the variable the experimenter measures in order to see if it was affected by the change in the
independent variable
Informed Consent
-participants must know in advance about the general nature of the research when their involvement is
complete
Frequency Distribution
-a list of scores ordered from highest to lowest
Mode
-the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution
Mean
-the mathematical average of a distribution
Median
-the middle score of a ranked distribution
Range
-the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Standard Deviation
-tells how much scores vary around the mean score of a distribution
Normal Distribution
-a frequency distribution shaped like a bell
Dendrites
-receive neurotransmitters from another neuron
Axons
-store neurotransmitters and release them into synapses
Synapse
-junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron
Neurotransmitter
-a chemical that is released from an axon terminal into a synapse
Central Nervous System
-consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
-division of the nervous system
Hormones
-chemical messengers that circulate throughout the body via the bloodstream
Endocrine System
-a system that transports important hormones produced by several glands
Medulla
-part of the brain that controls the most basic life support functions
Corpus Callosum
-brain structure that connects the right and left hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
-parts of . . . frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Broca’s Area
-language region in the left hemisphere
Wernicke’s Area
-language region in the left hemisphere
CAT Scan
-brain scan that is a series of x-rays combined into computerized pictures of the brain
MRI Scan
-brain scan that involves magnetic fields and radio waves that provide information about different
structures in the brain
PET Scan
-brain scan that is a visual display of activity in the brain, measuring glucose used by brain structures
EEG
-brain scan that is an amplified recording of brain waves
Sensation
-the process by which the brain receives information from the senses
Absolute Threshold
-the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
Difference Threshold
-determines whether you can hear if the volume has been increases on a stereo
Sensory Adaptation
-the filtering out of non-changing stimuli in the environment
Pupil
-adjusts to let in more or less light
Trichromatic Theory
-describes how we perceive millions of color combinations
Pitch
-the length (frequency) of a sound wave determines a sound’s highness or lowness
Loudness
-determined by the height, or amplitude of a sound was
Sound
-produced by vibrations traveling through the air, sensed by structures in the ear
Cochlea
-fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Chemical Senses
-smell and taste
Sensation of Touch
-includes the four basic sensations of pain, pressure, warmth, and cold
Kinesthetics
-the sensory system that senses the position and movement of individual body parts
Gate-Control Theory
-rubbing the area of skin that hurts might stop pain sensations temporarily
Gestalt Psychology
-emphasize the whole is more than the sum of the parts
Gestalt Psychology (Principles)
-similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity
Visual Cliff Experiment
-used to test depth perception in infants
Retinal Disparity
-refers to the somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object
Motivation
-a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
Instinct
-an inherited, unlearned, preprogrammed complex behavior occurring throughout a species
Drive Reduction Theory
-a psychological drive comes from a physiological need
Homeostasis
-the body’s tendency to maintain a balanced internal state
Extrinsic Motivation vs. Intrinsic Motivation
-extrinsic motivation – a desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain promised rewards or avoid
threatened punishment
-a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Self-Actualization)
-the highest need in his hierarchy is the need to realize our unique potential as a person
Basal Metabolic Rate
-the body’s resting rate at which it burns calories for energy
Emotion
-physiological arousal, expression, and conscience experience combine to form
Stressor
-an event you perceive as threatening or challenging
Stress
-the process by which we perceive and respond to events we appraise as threatening or challenging
General Adaptation Syndrome
-alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
Teratogens
-chemicals that prevent a fetus from developing normally
Maturation
-biological growth processes that enable changes in behavior
Jean Piaget (Theory)
-cognitive development
Cognition
-all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
Assimilation
-describes the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of your existing schemas
Accommodation
-describes the proves of adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
Attachment
-emotional tie children experience with parents
Harry Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiment
-demonstrated the body contact is the most important factor in attachment
Imprinting
-attaching to the first object an animal sees after birth
Nature vs. Nurture
-“nature” – heredity
-“nurture” - environment
Adolescence
-the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Primary Sex Characteristics vs. Secondary Sex Characteristics
-primary sex characteristics – the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
-secondary sex characteristics – nonreproductive sexual characteristics
Alzheimer’s Disease
-a progressive and irreversible brain disorder, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory,
reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning
Senile Dementia
-mental disintegration that accompanies alcoholism, tumor, stroke, aging, or anything that results in a
substantial loss of brain cells
Personality
-the psychological term for an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Psychodynamic Perspective
-the view of personality that explains personality as being driven by unconscious thought processes
Freud’s Map of the Mind (Id, Ego, Superego)
-Id – the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives
-Ego – the part of the personality that mediates demands form the id and superego
-Superego – the part of the personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal
standards
Inferiority Complex (Alfred Adler)
-ability to overcome feelings of inferiority
Collective Unconscious
-a reservoir of memories (Carl Jung)
Self-Concept
-all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
Traits
-characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation
Big Five Personality Factors
-emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Stimulus
-anything in the environment that one can respond
Unconditioned Stimulus
-the stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically
Unconditioned Response
-an automatic response to a stimulus that occur without learning
Conditioned Stimulus
-the stimulus that gains the power to cause a response after learning
Conditioned Response
-the learned response
Spontaneous Recovery
-refers to the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
Extinction
-when a conditioned response no longer occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
-the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an
unconditioned stimulus
Generalization
-occurs when an organism produces the same response to similar stimuli
Operant Conditioning
-type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior determine the frequency with which that
behavior occurs
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
-reinforcement is to strengthen as punishment is to weaken
Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement
-positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus, and negative reinforcement involves taking a stimulus
away
Observational Learning
-involves watching others and modeling
Steps Involved In Information Processing
-encoding, storage, and retrieval
Proactive Interference vs. Retroactive Interference
-proactive interference occurs when previous learned information interferes with our recall of information
learned more recently
-retroactive interference occurs when information we learned recently prevents us from remembering
information we learned previously
Repression
-motivated forgetting moves memories into the unconscious mind (S. Freud)
Consciousness
-awareness of yourself and your environment
Biological Rhythms (3)
-circadian, ultradian, infradian
Sleep Cycle
-Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, REM
Sleep Apnea
-results in not being able to breathe at times during sleep
Insomnia
-a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
-sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
Dependence
-state of physiological and psychological need to take more of a drug after continued use
Psychoactive Drug
-a drug that affects our mood, behavior, and perception
Withdrawal
-the discomfort and distress that occurs when a person dependent on a drug discontinues use
Depressants
-reduce the neural activity and slow body functions
Stimulants
-excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Hallucinogens
-distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of environmental stimuli
Concept
-a mental group based on shared similarities
Prototype
-typical best example of a concept
Algorithm
-methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
Mental Set
-a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
Functional Fixedness
-the inability to think of different uses for objects
Phoneme
-the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language
Morpheme
-the smallest unit that carries meaning in language
Intelligence
-the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new solutions
Aptitude Tests
-attempt to predict future performance
Achievement Tests
-designed to assess learned knowledge and skills
Psychological Disorder
-harmful behaviors that are maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical
Anxiety Disorder
-anxiety disorder marked by persistent, unexplained feelings of apprehension and tension
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
-a disorder that includes the symptoms of unwanted, repetitive thoughts or actions
Phobia
-characterized by disruptive, irrational fears of objects or situations
Panic Attack
-a sudden wave of terror and fear that something bad is going to happen
Dissociative Disorders
-category of disorders which involves a separated sense of self – separate from memories, thoughts, and
feelings
Delusions
-false beliefs experienced by people with schizophrenia
Psychotherapy
-nonmedical therapy
Biomedical Therapies
-include prescribed drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery
Depression
-characterized by feelings of personal worthlessness
Fugue
-a disorder which is an extended form of amnesia characterized by loss of identity and travel to a new
location