Download • father of Genetics • Austrian monk who studied ______ and

____________________________ • father of Genetics
• Austrian monk who studied _____________ and
developed the idea of traits and inheritance
__________________-­‐ characteristics of an organism ___________________ v genes (allele) units of __________________. v one set from each _________________. _____________________ • One gene ______________________ another. • ex: Brown eyes dominate blue eyes ____________________________ • ________________________ trait or hidden trait • ex: blue eyed genes are dominated by Brown eyed genes
1 ______________________________-­‐ Genes that are the same for a given traits. ex -­‐ 2 Brown eyed genes. BB ____________________________– Two different types of genes for a given trait. Example one (B ) brown eyed gene and one blue ( b ) eyed gene. Bb ______________________________ -­‐ What the organism looks like. ex: Black Dog or a white dog __________________________ –Genes of an organism. • BB = A Black dog with 2 Black genes. • Bb = A Black dog with one Black gene and one white gene • bb – A white dog with 2 white genes ______________________ ______________________________ : Neither gene in an allele ________________________ the other. Ex : White rose and Red rose have Pink offspring. 2 _________________________________________ -­‐ One gene (chromosome) from each pair of the parent’s genes goes to
egg or sperm cell.
______________________ ____________________________________ § Each set of genes is independently inherited. § random sorting § Ex : Tallness gene is randomly assorted from eye color gene.
§ Some genes that are close to each other on a ________
_________________________do not follow this rule.
3 _______________________ ______ ____________________ ___________________ I. Traits, or characteristics, are passed on from one generation to offspring. II. An organism inherits genes in pairs, one from each parent. III. Some genes are dominant and some are recessive. IV. Dominant genes hide recessive genes. V. Some genes are not dominant or recessive; they blend traits, incomplete dominance. _________________________________ q Sperm and egg __________________. q Combine chromosomes to form a fertilized egg. ______________________ _______ ___________________________ • _____________________________ is the chance or likelihood that something will happen. • ___________________________________-­‐ A chart showing the possible gene combinations (or chromosomes) in a cross between two organisms. 4 __________________________________ • rod-­‐like shaped structures made of coiled DNA • _______________________________-­‐ American 1902 : Discovered that chromosomes come in pairs. • Sperm and egg cells have _________________the normal number of chromosomes. _________________________________ • process of cell division producing sex cells • each cell has half the amount of chromosomes (genes) ____________________________________ -­‐ 1/2 the number of chromosomes ( sex cells ) ___________________________________ -­‐ normal number of chromosomes ( somatic or body cells ) 5 ___________ ________________________________ • X and Y chromosomes determine
sex.
• X is larger than Y
• Female ______
• Male = _______
______________________________ Shows the size, shape and number of chromosomes in an organism. 6 ________________________________________________________________ • __________________________ - The failure of a
chromosome pair to separate during meiosis.
• Body (somatic) cells may have more or less than normal
amount of chromosomes, usually lethal.
• __________________________________________: An
extra chromosome (trisomy) on the 21st chromosome.
• Have various physical and developmental problems. ____________________________-­‐ A change in a gene or a chromosome. • ____________________________-­‐ Dutch Botanist discovered mutations in _______________________________. • A mutation in a somatic cell only affects that organism. • A mutation in a sex cell affects its offspring. • Most mutations are ____________ or __________________
• Mutations happen when DNA is damaged. • Causes (Mutagens) -___________ ______________
________ _______________ ______________________
7 ________________________________ § Some mutations can help an organism survive in an environment. § Ex: A mutation in a plant that can produce a toxin that
protects it from insects.
§ A major force behind _______________________________. 8 _______________________________________________ -­‐ Some characteristics are control by more than two genes (alleles). § example - blue, brown and green eyed genes
_____________________________________ § Two alleles(mutations) A & B (O is lacking the gene) § co dominant -­‐ both are expressed ___________________________________________________ § A mutation in a gene that codes for an important protein. § Most are recessive and can hide in hybrids. ___________________________________________________ § Sickle cell- Carriers have some protection from
____________.
§ Cystic Fibrosis - May have offered some resistance
to_________________________
9 ________________________________________________ • A mutation in the gene for hemoglobin. • Cause ______________________________ to have a sickle shape. ___________________________________________ • Traits that are on ________chromosome
• Ex: color blindness, ____________________
• _____________________________ • Ex: color blindness, hemophilia _______________________________________ • A family tree showing the frequency of a trait or genes. ______________________________________________________ • A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an
abnormality in an individual's DNA (gene).
10 _________________________________________ • Heredity Vs Environment
• twin studies suggest _______% nature and _______% nurture DNA _________________________________________ • “ _________________________________________” contains all the information to make an organism. • DNA _____________________ and ______________________ on genetic information from one generation to the next. • _________________ is a large molecule. 11 ____________________________ and ___________________________________ • Nobel prize winners for their discovery of the
______________________________ of DNA. ____________________________________________ • Used __________________ to discover the shape of DNA.
_______________________________________________ • Double helix, looks like a _____________________________________. • Each rung ( step) is made of two ________________________________________connected to each other. Nitrogen Bases • Adenine (____), Thymine (_______), Guanine (_____), and Cytosine ( ____ ) Rules for Connection § ___________________________
§ ____________________________
12 Genes Code for ___________________________ ____________________________________________ -­‐ Only one side of the ladder is read, the reading strand. ____________________________________________-­‐ Opposite strand of reading strand. A copy incase reading strand is damaged. • DNA is read like a ________________________ . • The words are ______________________________ • Codons are 3 nitrogen bases long. • Ex: ATT or GTC
• Each codon codes for an _____________________________ • These amino acids made in ____________ make up proteins
DNA ______________________________________ • Replication : The DNA molecule unzips itself and both sides are copied. • In __________________________________________ stage of Mitosis a complete copy is made. 13