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Unit 11: Protein Synthesis 11.5 Transcription Details Begin working on Do-Now Silently! Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA RNA polymerase RNA nucleotide Direction of transcription Template strand of DNA Figure 10.9A Newly made RNA Differences between DNA and RNA • Ask yourself, “R U Single?” – The sugar in RNA is ribose, in DNA it is deoxyribose – RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) – DNA is doublestranded, RNA is mostoften single-stranded. 3 major types of RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA copy of DNA message brings amino acid makes up ribosome to the ribosome with protein Transcription Factors help get things started… • TFs are proteins that control which genes are turned on or off. • They bind to DNA and help recruit RNA polymerase (the main enzyme involved) to bind to the DNA. • In transcription, the DNA helix unzips – RNA nucleotides line up along one strand of the DNA following the base-pairing rules – The single-stranded messenger RNA peels away and the DNA strands rejoin Figure 10.9B Transcription: at the nucleus—from Promoter to Terminator RNA polymerase DNA of gene Promoter DNA Terminator DNA Initiation 1) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA—before the gene starts—initiation! 2) RNA polymerase begins transcription— initiation…coding for mRNA complementary to the DNA—elongation! 3) RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and it detaches from the gene. The mRNA is released. Elongation Area shown in Figure 10.9A Termination Growing RNA Completed RNA RNA polymerase Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus • Noncoding segments called introns are spliced out • A Guanine cap and a PolyA tail are added to the ends (for protection against degradation) Figure 10.10 Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon DNA Cap RNA transcript with cap and tail Transcription Addition of cap and tail Introns removed Tail Exons spliced together mRNA Coding sequence NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM transcription animation How does RNA polymerase “know’ where to start transcribing a gene into mRNA? 1. It starts at one end of the chromosome 2. Transfer RNA acts to translate the message to RNA polymerase. 3. It starts at a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter. 4. The ribosome directs it ot the correct portion of the DNA molecule 5. It looks for the AUG start codon. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 1 10 2 3 4 5 When RNA is being made, the RNA base ____ always pairs with the base ___ in DNA 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 1 2 3 4 U…T T…G U…A A…U T…A 5 A messenger RNA molecule for making a protein is made in the nucleus and sent out to a ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA message and makes a protein containing 120 amino acids. The mRNA consisted of at least how many codons? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 1 2 3 4 30 40 120 360 480 5 10 Transcription in animations • In real-time!