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6 The Nervous System Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.1 Overview of the Nervous System Nervous System Overview • organization of the nervous system – two major divisions – the efferent nerves • nervous tissues – neuroglia – neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Organization of the Nervous System • two major divisions – central nervous system (CNS) – peripheral nervous system (PNS) • sensory receptors • afferent (sensory) nerves • efferent (motor) nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Two Major Divisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Efferent Nerves • somatic nervous system – voluntary • autonomic nervous system – involuntary – sympathetic – parasympathetic © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous Tissues • neuroglia – also known as glial cells – support the neurons – protect the neurons • neurons – transmit nerve impulses © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuroglia • central nervous system – – – – astrocytes microglia ependymal oligodendrocytes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuroglia • peripheral nervous system – Schwann cells – satellite cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neurons • dendrites – send information to cell body • cell bodies • axons – send information away from cell body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Types by Function • sensory neurons – send impulses toward CNS • motor neurons – send impulses away from CNS • interneurons – bridges between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Structures • bipolar – one axon and one dendrite • unipolar – one axon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • multipolar – one axon and many dendrites Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses Transmission of Nerve Impulses • action potentials – change in cell membrane charge • impulse transmission – charge change travels along axon • reflexes – involuntary response to stimulus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Action Potentials • • • • polarized depolarized repolarized refractory period © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Impulse Transmission • saltatory conduction • transmission at synapses – – – – gap junctions neurotransmitter excitatory effect inhibitory effect © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Reflexes • somatic – stimulate skeletal muscles • autonomic – stimulate involuntary muscles © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled with _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System The Brain – Cerebrum – Diencephalon – brain stem – cerebellum – meninges – blood-brain barrier © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum – Cerebrum • Associated with sensory (interpret impulses) and motor functions (control muscular movement) • Provides higher mental functions of memory and reasoning – Seat of intelligence and personality • Functions to control skeletal muscles, vision, hearing, taste, and skin sensations © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum • cerebral cortex – gyrus – sulcus – fissure • lobes – Frontal – Motor. Association areas- high intellectual processes. – Parietal – Sensory. Association- speech, thoughts feelings. – Occipital – Sensory- Vision. Association – Combine visual images with other senses – Temporal – Sensory – Hearing and smelling. Assoc – visual senses, music, complex sensory • primary motor cortex • primary somatic sensory cortex © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diencephalon • Thalamus – Pain, touch, and temperature • Hypothalamus – Controls and integrates autonomic NS • Epithalamus – Connects limbic system to other parts of the brain © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Brain Stem • Midbrain – relay station for sensory and motor impulses – Relays info over vision, hearing, motor activity, sleep/wake cycles, alertness, and temp regulation • Pons – regulates breathing • medulla oblongata – regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. Controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Medulla Oblongata © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Medulla Oblongata • Medulla Oblongata – enlarged continuation of spinal cord – All nerve fibers pass through – Contains • Cardiac center – increases/decreases heart rate • Vasomotor center – stimulates smooth muscle in blood vessels to contract. – Constriction – Vasodilation heart rate increases. (vasoconstriction) • Respiratory center – adjusts rate and depth of breathing – Works with pons • Reflex center – coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomitting – Injuries to the medulla oblongata are often fatal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Brain • Cerebellum – balance • Blood-brain barrier – Blood vessels supply nutrients • Meninges – dura mater – arachnoid mater – pia mater © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Myths © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pain • an unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm • General info – highly subjective to person experiencing it – pain of some type is the most frequent reason for physician consultation in the US, causing half of all Americans to seek medical care annually – pain that stops without treatment or responds to simple measures is called acute – pain is part of the body’s defense system – pain that becomes pathological rather than beneficial is called chronic © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pain • Intensity – some have used a numeric scale ranging from 0-10 • Localization – usually named according to area or region of association(HEADACHE, BACKACHE) – Radiating pain occurs when stimulus of a nerve at one site is perceived as pain in the sensory distribution of that nerve • Sciatica– involves pain running down the back of the buttock, leg, and bottom of foot (it is caused by compression of the nerve root in the lumbar spine) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pain • Referred pain usually happens when sensory fibers from the viscera enter the same segment of the spinal cord as nerves from superficial tissue – heart attack—pain in left arm • Phantom pain is the sensation of pain from a limb or organ that has been lost or from which a person no longer receives signals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System • • • • nerve structure cranial nerves spinal nerves and nerve plexuses autonomic nervous system © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nerve Structure • endoneurium – covers axons • perineurium – bundles fascicles • epineurium – wraps nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cranial Nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses • • • • 31 pairs dorsal root ventral root dorsal ramus – carry nerve impulses to muscle and skin of trunk • ventral ramus – carry nerve impulses to muscle and skin of trunk • Plexuses – complex interconnection of nerves formed by ventral rami © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Autonomic Nervous System • preganglionic and postganglionic neurons • sympathetic nerves – fight-or-flight action • parasympathetic nerves – resting or digesting action © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent, ganglion, optic, perineurium. 1. wraps fascicles 2. motor 3. a cranial nerve 4. enlarged junction © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord • traumatic brain injury – occurs during violent impacts to the head • cerebral palsy – group of nervous system disorders caused by dmg to the brain early on • spinal cord injury – fractures or displacements of the vertebrae can result in injury to the spinal cord © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Zika Virus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Traumatic Brain Injury • violent impact to head – Mild – may remain conscious or lose consciousness for a short bit. • Symptoms: headache, confusion, dizziness, disrupted vision, ringing ears, bad taste in mouth, fatigue, abnormal sleep, behaviour changes, trouble with intellectual functions – Moderate Same symptoms as above with worse/longer headache, repeated nausea/vomitting, seizures, slurred speech, weakness, numbness in extremities – severe • 50% require surgical repair © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebral Palsy • damage to brain – before birth – during birth – during infancy • motor function impairment • Caused by several conditions – Brain infections – Head injury – Impaired liver function © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord Injuries • • • • C1–C3: usually fatal C1–C4: quadriplegia – loss of function below neck C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities T1–L5: paraplegia – Loss of function in Trunk and legs Corepics/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS • Meningitis – inflammation of meninges surrounding brain and spinal cord • multiple sclerosis – autoimmune disease that destroys myelin sheaths • Epilepsy - group of brain disorders characterized by repeated seizures • Parkinson’s disease – Common amongst elderly – tremors and difficulty moving • Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease – loss of function in 2 or more areas of cognition © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Brains © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.