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Transcript
All organisms are made of CELLS • Cells make up our tissues that comprise our organs, that make our functioning body! • Just as our bodies have organs that provide life’s functions, so do cells have organelles that provide life functions for cells • Plants and animals have some differences in their cells Two major classes of cells • EUKARYOTE • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that holds the DNA • They have many organelles surrounded by membrane • All animals, plants, fungus are Eukaryotes • PROKARYOTE • Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a nucleus. The DNA floats freely in the cell • Bacteria are prokaryotes • These cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells Two Domains of life Many ORGANELLES NO ORGANELLES Plant Cells • More square • Have a cell WALL to provide structure • Chloroplasts around the outer edge • LARGE vacuole – structure that holds water and wastes and provides support Animal Cells • NO: Cell wall, chloroplasts • Has small vacuoles • All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria which produce energy • All cells have Cell membranes • Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus Nucleus • The nucleus directs all information flow in the cell • The components that will become proteins are here • DNA starts out in the nucleus Plasma Membrane • Surrounding every cell is a special 2layered membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell • Proteins in the membrane help move some large molecules in and out through active transport Phospholipid bilayer HYDROPHOBIC • Lipids repel water – the inside “tails” that make up the membrane repel water HYDROPHILIC • The outside (phosphorous) heads attract water These 2 layers allow material to enter and leave the cell Diffusion • The process by which solvents move from high concentration to low concentration: • This is called passive transport because no energy is need to move the solute Lower concentration - High Concentration Hypotonic hypertonic Diffusion Before After • Gases and some small, non-polar solids will diffuse from the cell with greater concentration to the cell with lesser concentration • Until the concentrations are equal Osmosis • The process by which WATER moves from where it is more highly concentrated to where it is less concentrated: • Which way will the water move? • What happens to the cells? Organelles • Proteins start out in the nucleus but need to be moved through the cell to the surface so that they can communicate with other cells: – Ribosome – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Golgi Apparatus – (Pores in) Plasma Membrane • Proteins don’t actually have to cross membranes they are traveling through this system of “tubes” Chloroplasts • Plants can make their own food from the sun in special organelles called chloroplasts • The process of photosynthesis turns the sun’s energy and CO2 into sugars and an energy molecule called ATP • ATP is produced in the membrane of the chloroplast Mitochondria • The mitochondria take sugars and convert them into an energy molecule called ATP. • This happens in the inner membrane – notice all of the curves in the membrane – this gives greater surface area allowing for more ATP production