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All organisms are made of CELLS
•  Cells make up our tissues that comprise
our organs, that make our functioning
body!
•  Just as our bodies have organs that
provide life’s functions, so do cells have
organelles that provide life functions for
cells
•  Plants and animals have some differences
in their cells
Two major classes of cells
•  EUKARYOTE
•  Eukaryotic cells have
a nucleus that holds
the DNA
•  They have many
organelles
surrounded by
membrane
•  All animals, plants,
fungus are
Eukaryotes
•  PROKARYOTE
•  Prokaryotic cells do
NOT have a nucleus.
The DNA floats freely
in the cell
•  Bacteria are
prokaryotes
•  These cells are
smaller than
eukaryotic cells
Two Domains of life
Many ORGANELLES
NO ORGANELLES
Plant Cells
•  More square
•  Have a cell WALL to
provide structure
•  Chloroplasts around
the outer edge
•  LARGE vacuole –
structure that holds
water and wastes and
provides support
Animal Cells
•  NO: Cell wall,
chloroplasts
•  Has small vacuoles
•  All eukaryotic cells
have mitochondria
which produce energy
•  All cells have Cell
membranes
•  Both plant and animal
cells have a nucleus
Nucleus
•  The nucleus directs
all information flow in
the cell
•  The components that
will become proteins
are here
•  DNA starts out in the
nucleus
Plasma Membrane
•  Surrounding every
cell is a special 2layered membrane
that controls what
enters and leaves the
cell
•  Proteins in the
membrane help move
some large molecules
in and out through
active transport
Phospholipid bilayer
HYDROPHOBIC
•  Lipids repel water – the
inside “tails” that make
up the membrane repel
water
HYDROPHILIC
•  The outside
(phosphorous) heads
attract water
These 2 layers allow
material to enter and
leave the cell
Diffusion
•  The process by which solvents move from
high concentration to low concentration:
•  This is called passive transport because
no energy is need to move the solute
Lower concentration -
High Concentration
Hypotonic
hypertonic
Diffusion
Before
After
•  Gases and some small,
non-polar solids will
diffuse from the cell with
greater concentration to
the cell with lesser
concentration
•  Until the concentrations
are equal
Osmosis
•  The process by
which WATER
moves from where
it is more highly
concentrated to
where it is less
concentrated:
•  Which way will the
water move?
•  What happens to
the cells?
Organelles
•  Proteins start out in the nucleus but need to be
moved through the cell to the surface so that they
can communicate with other cells:
–  Ribosome
–  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
–  Golgi Apparatus
–  (Pores in) Plasma Membrane
•  Proteins don’t actually have to cross membranes
they are traveling through this system of “tubes”
Chloroplasts
•  Plants can make their own
food from the sun in special
organelles called
chloroplasts
•  The process of
photosynthesis turns the
sun’s energy and CO2 into
sugars and an energy
molecule called ATP
•  ATP is produced in the
membrane of the chloroplast
Mitochondria
•  The mitochondria take
sugars and convert them
into an energy molecule
called ATP.
•  This happens in the
inner membrane – notice
all of the curves in the
membrane – this gives
greater surface area
allowing for more ATP
production