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Preston University EMBA Assignment BEHAVIORISTIC FRAMEWORK Stimuli – Response Response = Stimulus + Environment + Learning The scope of the Operant Theory of Behavior Prof: Asim Naseer’s Assignment Submitted By Jamaluddin Panhwar Registration No. 1552-410036 Dated : 16th January 2011 .. .. .. .. What is..“Behaviorist Framework” Behaviorist Framework is the second theory of human & animal behavior. In Behaviorist Framework human behavior is explained with as stimulus-response. A stimulus brings out a response in an individual and results in learning. The stimulus- response relationship explains the physical reflexes in human beings. For example, when a person is pricked with a pin, he immediately flinches. 2 To further understand this theory let us examine the two elements of this theory Stimulus What is Stimulus: any change in an organism’s environment that causes to the organism to react. It is a fancy way of saying “cause”. Stimulus – singular Stimuli – plural Example: Food, Smell, Heat, Cold. Response Response: how the organism reacts to a stimulus and results in a change in behavior. It is a fancy way of saying “effect”. Example: Getting a drink when you are thirsty. Stimulus - Response The behavioristic Theory has two conditions Classical Conditions Unlike the earlier psychologists Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson focused on observable behaviors rather than the evasive mind. The behavioristic Theory explained human behavior with the help of stimulus-response experiments. A stimulus brings out a response in an individual and results in learning. The stimulus- response relationship also explains the physical reflexes in human beings. For example, when a person is pricked with a pin, he immediately flinches. Hence Stimulus Elicits Response (S-R) .. .. .. .. .. Condition Operant The classical conditions was further studied by B.F. Skinner and he named his findings as “Operant behavior”The Operant Behavior indicates voluntary or learned behavior. Through his operant conditioning experiments, Skinner emphasized the importance of stimulus-response relationship. He found that the consequences of response explain more about behavior than the stimuli that elicit response. According to Skinner The stimulus serves as a cue to manifest certain behavior and does not actually cause the behavior. An individual responds in a particular way to the stimulus and this results in certain consequences. He believed that behavior is a function of its consequences. For instance, an organization passes a circular to its employees asking them to stay longer in order to increase the production to meet the increasing demand. Here, the circular is the stimulus. The employees may increase the production. This is the response. If the increase in productivity is rewarded, it is the consequence. Skinner explained that certain behavior can be expected from an individual by creating a positive consequence desired by him. The behaviorist approach is based on the environment. Though cognitive processes like thinking, expectations and perception do exist, they are not needed to manage or predict behavior. However, some behavioral scientists believe that the cognitive variables do have a role in the behaviorist approach. Continuous research efforts have led to the emergence of a new area called social learning approach which incorporates both cognitive and behaviorist concepts. 4 History Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson were the pioneers of the behaviorist theory. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 - February 27, 1936) was born in a small village in central Russia. After reading Charles Darwin, he found that he cared more for scientific pursuits and left the seminary for the University of St. Petersburg. There he studied chemistry and physiology, and he received his doctorate in 1879. He continued his studies and began doing his own research in topics that interested him most: digestion and blood circulation. His work became well known, and he was appointed professor of physiology at the Imperial Medical Academy. The work that made Pavlov a household name in psychology actually began as a study in digestion. He was looking at the digestive process in dogs, especially the interaction between salivation and the action of the stomach. .. .. .. .. they were closely linked by reflexes in the autonomic nervous He realized .. system. Without salivation, the stomach didn't get the message to start digesting. Pavlov wanted to see if external stimuli could affect this process, so he rang a metronome at the same time he gave the experimental dogs food. After a while, the dogs -- which before only salivated when they saw and ate their food -- would begin to salivate when the metronome sounded, even if no food were present. In 1903 Pavlov published his results calling this a "conditioned reflex," different from an innate reflex, such as yanking a hand back from a flame, in that it had to be learned. Pavlov called this learning process (in which the dog's nervous system comes to associate the sound of the metronome with the food, for example) "conditioning." He also found that the conditioned reflex will be repressed if the stimulus proves "wrong" too often. If the metronome sounds repeatedly and no food appears, eventually the dog stops salivating at the sound. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, author, inventor, social philosopher, and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism,[6] and founded his own school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, which has recently seen enormous increase[citation needed] in interest experimentally and in applied settings. Skinner discovered and advanced the rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure rate of responding as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement. In a June, 2002 survey, Skinner was listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century. He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles 6