Download learning-and-intro-to-attachment-2017

Learning
approach and
intro to
Attachment
Learning Objectives
• Briefly outline the leaning approach – no more
than 50 words
• Consider what attachment is – discuss then
outline
• Identify 4 key behaviours that indicate that an
attachment has been formed
• Define the key terms reciprocity, care-giver
interactions and Interactional synchrony
Use your orange approaches pack alongside this PP – the packs
are full of info and key words. Highlight the key words as we go
through – make notes next to the text – I have covered as much
as possible in the packs
Learning approach
The assumption that we learn our behaviour
through the environment
Behaviourism
Social Learning
theory
Behaviourism
- Behaviourism came out of the dissatisfaction with the
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psychodynamic approach to psychology.
the psychodynamic approach had emphasis on the
invisible and untestable unconscious, and lacked the
scientific rigor of physics and chemistry at the start of the
20th Century.
John B. Watson said the methods used by Freud and
Wundt were unscientific
In 1913 Watson published ‘Psychology as the Behaviourist
Views It’
Watson said we should observe and measure behaviour
instead of mental states – too much emphasis on instincts,
but he didn’t deny that these existed
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning: association between a neutral stimulus and
an unconditioned stimulus to produce a response
Key Study: Ivan Pavlov (1927)
- When Pavlov presented the dogs with food they began to salivate – an
unconditioned response.
- Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus
to dogs (a bell or buzzer) and it
produced no response.
- Pavlov presented the two together
several times, and eventually the
sound of the bell alone made the
dogs salivate – a conditioned
response.
Pavlov was awarded a Nobel Prize
for his work in 1904.
In your orange approaches , p6 –
complete the task
UCS
NS
UCR
UCS
CS
UCR
CR
Now, pg 7
Draw your own conditioning process.
Condition the dog to associate a new neutral
stimulus with a stimulus that would naturally
create a response.
Use the correct terminology
- Watson and his colleague Rayner also carried out an experiment
investigating classical conditioning using an infant ‘Little Albert’
- Albert was 10 months old and showed little fear, the only thing that
frightened him and made him cry was loud noises.
- Watson conditioned Albert to be afraid of his pet rat by pairing it with
a loud noise.
- After a while, Albert would cry whenever he saw the rat.
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning: learning through consequences such as
reward and punishment
Key Study: Skinner (1953)
- Skinner created a box (Skinner box) in which a hungry animal could be put
inside and which contained a button that could be pressed to release food.
- A rat was placed inside the box and allowed to roam freely (so its actions
were operant – not reflexive)
- Eventually it would press the lever and receive food
- The rat learned that pressing the button gave it the reward (positive
reinforcement) of food and thus the lever was pressed more often.
- Skinner also changed the lever
to make it stop an unpleasant stimulus,
(negative reinforcement) which also led
https://ww
to a increase in leverw.youtube.
pressing, and made the lever deliver
com/watch
a punishment, which led to a decrease.
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Pg 8 in orange pack
Parents often use positive reinforcement to
encourage good behaviour. For example, if a
parent wants a child to tidy their bedroom, they
might offer money, ‘If you tidy your room, I will
give your £2’.
Can you see any implications of using positive
reinforcement in this way? Discuss with peer
then make some notes
Social Learning Theory
Learning through modelling / role models (link)
Albert Bandura et al. conducted a study
which identified a third kind of learning –
social learning. This is learning through
imitation and modelling.
Key Study: Bandura, Ross and Ross
(1961/63)
Bandura et al. studied 72 children, half boys,
half girls aged 4 and split them into three
conditions.
Condition 1: Children were taken into
a room with crayons and paper to play
with. An experimenter came in and kicked,
punched and hit an inflatable “Bobo doll”
with a mallet for 10 minutes.
Condition 2: The experimenter just played
with other toys and did not show
aggression towards the doll.
Condition 3: A control group, no
experimenter came in.
The children were then taken to a room
with attractive toys and were told they
couldn’t play with them. They were then
taken to a third room with ordinary toys
and a Bobo doll. They were filmed for 20
minutes.
When analysing the film, Bandura et al.
found that the children in condition 1, who
had seen the adult model be violent
towards the doll, showed higher levels of
aggressive behaviour than any other
children.
Pg 12
In pairs read the extract on pg 12 and
answer the questions
If you want to know more about the case of Jamie
Bulger have a look at this website:
http://crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/james-bulger
What has the learning approach
provided us with?
•Classical conditioning can help explain phobias, and can also help treat
them using systematic desensitisation
•Systematic desensitisation is a method used to treat phobias based on
counter-conditioning – the phobia is paired with something relaxing
•Siegel (1984) found that drug addicts are much more likely to die of an
overdose in an unfamiliar environment. This is because your body does
not associate that environment with drugs, and therefore does not
prepare.
•Social learning theory is used to explain many things such as food
preferences, eating disorders, addictions, and gender roles.
Also helps us understand Attachment!