Download 3rd- 9 Weeks Test Review

3rd- 9 Weeks Test Review
Energy Conversions
Key Concepts
1. Cells respond to external conditions like salinity amount of salt) and pH in
varying ways to achieve homeostasis, or regulation of the internal environment.
2. Living organisms convert energy in order to survive.
3. Metabolism refers to the collective processes cells conduct to maintain structure
and to reproduce;
ü It includes the energy acquiring reactions of photosynthesis in plant
cells and the energy releasing reactions of cellular respiration.
ü Cellular respiration is an energy releasing reaction that results in
energy for cell use.
o
Cellular respiration occurs in all cells.
4. Plant cell's chlorophyll pigment captures light energy from the Sun, through
photosynthesis.
ü Photosynthesis uses water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and
oxygen.
ü Cellular respiration in all cells breaks down the energy stored in
glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) for cell use.
5. Energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) can be released by breaking a
phosphate chemical bond, creating ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
ü ATP is present in all living cells and is the source of energy for
metabolic processes.
Fundamental Questions
1. What processes are crucial for the survival of a cell?
An organism?
2. How do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration interact to
achieve energy conversion?
3. How is energy released from ATP?
Reproduction
Key Concepts
1. DNA is a double helix structure that consists of two nucleotide chains.
ü The helix is coiled in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and throughout the
prokaryotic cell.
ü The nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) are held
together by weak hydrogen bonds.
o
Adenine bonds with Thymine
o
Cytosine bond with Guanine
2. The portions of DNA that carry genetic information are called genes.
ü Genes contain a specific sequence of nucleotides that contain the
instructions for making proteins.
ü The proteins determine which physical characteristics an organism
displays.
Fundamental Questions
1. What are the components of DNA?
2. How does DNA carry information about the traits of an organism?
3. Why is the genetic code common to all organisms?
Protein Synthesis
Key Concepts
1. Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy from DNA (in the nucleus in
eukaryotic cells);
ü This is known as gene expression.
ü For transcription to occur, the DNA helix unzips itself, and the DNA is
transcribed into mRNA.
2. Translation is the process of synthesizing (creating) proteins from the RNA
template.
ü The mRNA from transcription carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
ü RNA catalyzes translation and reads the mRNA at ribosomes to link
amino acids into protein.
3. Mutations are spontaneous changes in DNA.
ü Mutations can be simple base-pair substitutions like point mutations
and immediately change a gene sequence.
ü Insertion or deletion mutations result in a frame-shift and may result
in an incorrect amino acid sequence in the synthesized protein.
4. Gene expression is a regulated process.
ü Genes can be turned on and off (expressed or not expressed).
ü Transcription and translation occur only when cells need the gene
product; cells don’t make all possible proteins all of the time.
Fundamental Questions
1. What is the purpose of transcription of DNA?
2. What is the purpose of translation of RNA?
3. How do changes in DNA affect the production of amino acids?
4. Why is it important that gene expression is regulated?
5. How is gene expression related to mutations? Cancer development?
Heredity
Key Concepts
1. Traits are inherited (passed) from one generation to the next.
ü The genotype of an organism are the genes present within that
organism.
ü An organism’s phenotype is the physical representation of the
organisms genes (genotype).
ü Mendelian genetic crosses reflect if an allele is dominant, recessive,
heterozygous, or homozygous.
ü Punnett Squares calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios and
frequencies.
2. Meiosis occurs in gametes (sex cells) in higher organisms that reproduce sexually
with homologous chromosomes (one set of chromosomes from each parent.)
ü Sexual reproduction allows for variety in the gene pool as DNA is
inherited from both parents, resulting in DNA recombination.
Fundamental Questions
1. How are genetic combinations predicted?
2. Why is meiosis significant to sexual reproduction?
3. What techniques are used to study genomes of organisms?