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Transcript
“Cells” 22 Clicker Questions….. Get Ready! Cell Discovery How did cells get their name? Robert Hooke • • • • • Made a simple microscope Looked at a piece of cork under his microscope Looked like little chambers in a monastery The monks lived in chambers called cells Hooke called the chambers in the cork “cells” Scientific Method What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law? Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation. Theory: A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis. (Example: Theory of Relativity…pertains to gravity, time, & space) Law: In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. But law describes a single action where a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena. (Example: Law of Gravity…pertains to gravity alone) Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms. 3. Cells arise only from previous existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells. Clicker Question #1 Who gave cells their name? a. b. c. d. Charles Darwin Robert Hooke Albert Einstein Gregory Mendel Clicker Question #2 Which of the following best describes a theory? a. It is an idea b. It is a statement based on an observation c. It describes a single action in science and is accepted by all scientists d. It is a scientifically accepted explanation based on a hypothesis that had been proven by many scientists Clicker Question #3 Which of the following statements is supported by the Cell Theory to identify if an amoeba is composed of a cell? a. Amoebas have the ability to split to create another genetically identical amoeba. b. Amoebas can move and hunt for food. c. Amoebas need oxygen. d. Amoebas must eat. Nucleus What is a nucleus? • A distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA. • Controls all of the cell’s activities Basic Cell Types What are the two basic types of cells? 1. Prokaryotes: Cells do NOT have a nucleus or organelles. Example: ALL Bacteria…E. coli, Strep, & Salmonella How to Remember “Trick”… Pro has NO nucleus Prokaryotes • Has NO Nucleus • Has Nucleoid (like a nucleus…but not a real one) • Has NO organelles REMEMBER…. Pro has NO nucleus Basic Cell Types What are the two basic types of cells? 2. Eukaryotes: Cells HAVE a nucleus and organelles. Examples: Plants, animals, fungus…All other cells How to Remember “Trick”… Eu has TRUE nucleus Eukaryotes • Has a true/real Nucleus • Has many different organelles REMEMBER…. Eu has TRUE nucleus Clicker Question #4 If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n): a. b. c. d. Prokaryote Eukaryote Plant Animal Clicker Question #5 If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n): a. b. c. d. Prokaryote Eukaryote Plant Animal Clicker Question #6 Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote? a. b. c. d. a Virus Staphylococcus a sunflower HIV Clicker Question #7 Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote? a. b. c. d. mushrooms E. coli an oak tree humans Cell Organelles Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Function More Info Location Cytoskeleton • Defined: Supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm • Function: Aids in cell & organelle movement & support • 2 substructures: Mircotubules & Microfilaments Cell Organelles Function Supporting Cytoskeleton network Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Plants & Animals Ribosomes • Defined: Simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins. • Function: Synthesize/make proteins Can be found attached to E.R. or free in the cell Turn volume down Cell Organelles Function Supporting Cytoskeleton network Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Make proteins More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Free & attached Plants & Animals Plants & Animals Endoplasmic Reticulum • Defined: Highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis. • Function: When rough (ribosomes), proteins are made here & transports Cell Organelles Function Supporting Cytoskeleton network More Info Microfilaments & Microtubules Ribosomes Make proteins Free & attached Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Location (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Plants & Animals Plants & Animals Plants & Animals Golgi Apparatus • Defined: Flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to another organelle or out of the cell. • Function: Modifies and packages proteins Cell Organelles Function Supporting Cytoskeleton network More Info Microfilaments & Microtubules Ribosomes Make proteins Free & attached Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Modifies & packages proteins Lysosomes Location (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER Plants & Animals Plants & Animals Plants & Animals (No ribosomes attached) Create lysosomes Plants & Animals Lysosomes • Defined: Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances. • Function: Digests Cell Organelles Function Supporting Cytoskeleton network More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Plants & Animals Ribosomes Make proteins Free & attached Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Modifies & packages proteins Create lysosomes Plants & Animals Lysosomes Digests food & dead organelles Filled with enzymes Plants & Animals (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER Plants & Animals Plants & Animals (No ribosomes attached) Clicker Question #8 This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules: a. b. c. d. Lysosome Ribosome Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Clicker Question #9 This organelle synthesizes proteins: a. b. c. d. Lysosome Ribosome Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Clicker Question #10 This organelle modifies proteins: a. b. c. d. Lysosome Ribosome Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Clicker Question #11 This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes: a. b. c. d. Lysosome Ribosome Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria • Defined: Membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell. • Function: Converts food into energy = Cellular respiration Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Mitochondria Converts food Powerhouse Plants & Animals into energy Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Cell Wall Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Chloroplast • Defined: Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy & converts it to chemical energy (glucose) through photosynthesis. • Function: Coverts light, H2O, & CO2 into food = Photosynthesis Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Converts food Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Cell Wall Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Makes food Photosynthesis from sunlight Plants ONLY Cell Wall • Defined: In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support & protection to the cell. • Function: In plants, bacteria, & fungi provides support Cell Wall is Organism made of: Plants Cellulose Bacteria Peptidoglycan Fungi Chitin Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Converts food Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Makes food Photosynthesis from sunlight Supports & NOT found Cell Wall protects in animals! Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Plants ONLY Plants Bacteria Fungus Vacuole • Defined: Membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, water, enzymes, and wastes. • Function: Storage Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Converts food Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Makes food Photosynthesis from sunlight Supports & NOT found Cell Wall protects in animals! Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Stores water, food, & waste Very large in plants Plants ONLY Plants Bacteria Fungus Plants & Animals Cilia & Flagella • Cilia: Hair-like projections that functions in cell movement • Flagella: Long tail-like projection with a whiplike motion that helps a cell swim. Flagella Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Converts food Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Makes food Photosynthesis from sunlight Supports & NOT found Cell Wall protects in animals! Vacuole Stores water, food, & waste Cilia & Flagella Aids in swimming Very large in plants Plants ONLY Plants Bacteria Fungus Plants & Animals Cilia (many hairlike) Plants & Animals Flagella (whip like) Clicker Question #12 These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion: a. b. c. d. Cilia Flagella Flagellum Tails Clicker Question #13 Photosynthesis occurs here: a. b. c. d. Chloroplast Mitochondria Cell Wall Vacuole Clicker Question #14 These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells: a. b. c. d. Chloroplast & Mitochondria Cilia & Vacuoles Cell Wall & Chloroplast Mitochondria & Vacuoles Clicker Question #15 These are very large in plants and provides support when filled with water: a. b. c. d. Chloroplast Mitochondria Cell Wall Vacuole Clicker Question #16 Which of the following has a cell wall? a. b. c. d. Mushroom Sunflower E. coli All of the above Endosymbiotic Theory • Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms. • Endo- means inside • -symbiotic means relationship Endosymbiotic Theory • Prokaryotes entered ancestral eukaryotes • Prokaryotes did NOT act as a parasite by infecting the host (eukaryote) • Eukaryotes did NOT digest the prokaryotes • Instead, the smaller prokaryotes began LIVING inside the larger cell – giving rise to eukaryotes Endosymbiotic Theory • 1st - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have DNA similar to bacterial DNA. • 2nd – Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size & structure resembles those of bacteria. • 3rd – Like bacteria, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission when the cells containing them divide by mitosis. Click Here For Animation Tutorial Clicker Question #17 Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory? a. Mitochondria & chloroplasts in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes b. Ribosomes & lysosomes in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes c. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are now found inside prokaryotes d. None of the above Clicker Question #18 Which of the following are true? a. Mitochondria has DNA similar to prokaryotes b. Ribosomes in eukaryotes are similar to prokaryotes c. When mitochondria create more of themselves, they divide similar to how prokaryotes divide d. All of the above Viruses • Virus comes from the Latin word for “poison” • Virus are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells. • Viruses are so small that they can only be seen using an electron microscope. Flu Virus Ebola Virus AIDS Virus Bacteriaphage Viruses • Viruses have NO organelles! • A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Common Cold Virus Small Pox Virus Polio Virus Herpes Virus Viruses • A virus’s outer protein coat is called its capsid. • A capsid is an outer protein coat that enables a virus to enter a host cell. • The capsid binds to the surface of a cell and “tricks” the cell into allowing it inside. Viruses • Once inside the cell, the viral genes take over. • The cell transcribes (reads and copies) the viral genes, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect. • And often times the virus destroys the host cell Viruses Vaccine: A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, upon injection, stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection (sickness). • A world wide vaccination program was able to eliminate smallpox! • Antibiotics NEVER cure viral infections!!...ONLY Bacteria Click here to compare size! Small pox Viruses Video Viruses Bacteria (cells) • Reproduces on their own • Has organelles • Large in size • Cell wall for protection Both • DNA or RNA • Cause disease • Must have host to reproduce • Has NO organelles • Extremely small in size • Capsid for protection Clicker Question #19 Which of the following statements is true about viruses? a. b. c. d. Viruses do not have DNA Viruses must have a host to reproduce Antibiotics kill viruses Viruses have organelles Clicker Question #20 Which of the following is the smallest? a. White blood cell b. Pollen c. Bacteria d. Virus Clicker Question #21 Which of the following do viruses NOT have? a. Organelles b. Capsid c. Genetic material d. They have all of the above Clicker Question #22 DNA is located here: a. b. c. d. Chloroplast Nucleus Lysosomes Vacuoles The End Answers 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. D 21. A 22. B