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“Cells”
22 Clicker Questions…..
Get Ready!
Cell Discovery
How did cells get their name?
Robert Hooke
•
•
•
•
•
Made a simple microscope
Looked at a piece of cork under his microscope
Looked like little chambers in a monastery
The monks lived in chambers called cells
Hooke called the chambers in the cork “cells”
Scientific Method
What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law?
Hypothesis:
This is an educated guess based upon observation. It
is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon
what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can
be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation.
Theory:
A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or
events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by
detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory;
he can only create a hypothesis.
(Example: Theory of Relativity…pertains to gravity, time, & space)
Law:
In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are
accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. But law
describes a single action where a theory explains an entire group of
related phenomena. (Example: Law of Gravity…pertains to gravity alone)
Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more
cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization
of all living organisms.
3. Cells arise only from previous existing cells, with cells
passing copies of their genetic material on to their
daughter cells.
Clicker Question #1
Who gave cells their name?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Charles Darwin
Robert Hooke
Albert Einstein
Gregory Mendel
Clicker Question #2
Which of the following best
describes a theory?
a. It is an idea
b. It is a statement based on an observation
c. It describes a single action in science and
is accepted by all scientists
d. It is a scientifically accepted explanation
based on a hypothesis that had been
proven by many scientists
Clicker Question #3
Which of the following statements is
supported by the Cell Theory to identify if
an amoeba is composed of a cell?
a. Amoebas have the ability to split to create
another genetically identical amoeba.
b. Amoebas can move and hunt for food.
c. Amoebas need oxygen.
d. Amoebas must eat.
Nucleus
What is a nucleus?
• A distinct central organelle that contains the
cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA.
• Controls all of the cell’s activities
Basic Cell Types
What are the two basic types of cells?
1. Prokaryotes: Cells do NOT have a nucleus or organelles.
Example: ALL Bacteria…E. coli, Strep, & Salmonella
How to Remember “Trick”…
Pro has NO nucleus
Prokaryotes
• Has NO Nucleus
• Has Nucleoid (like a nucleus…but not a real one)
• Has NO organelles
REMEMBER….
Pro has NO
nucleus
Basic Cell Types
What are the two basic types of cells?
2. Eukaryotes: Cells HAVE a nucleus and organelles.
Examples: Plants, animals, fungus…All other cells
How to Remember “Trick”…
Eu has TRUE nucleus
Eukaryotes
• Has a true/real Nucleus
• Has many different organelles
REMEMBER….
Eu has TRUE nucleus
Clicker Question #4
If a cell has a nucleus, it is
considered a(n):
a.
b.
c.
d.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Clicker Question #5
If a cell does NOT have a
nucleus, it is considered a(n):
a.
b.
c.
d.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Clicker Question #6
Which of the following is an
example of an eukaryote?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a Virus
Staphylococcus
a sunflower
HIV
Clicker Question #7
Which of the following is an
example of a prokaryote?
a.
b.
c.
d.
mushrooms
E. coli
an oak tree
humans
Cell Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Function
More Info
Location
Cytoskeleton
• Defined: Supporting network of protein fibers that
provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm
• Function: Aids in cell & organelle movement & support
• 2 substructures: Mircotubules & Microfilaments
Cell Organelles
Function
Supporting
Cytoskeleton
network
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
More Info
Location
Microfilaments
&
Microtubules
Plants & Animals
Ribosomes
• Defined: Simple cell organelle that helps
manufacture proteins.
• Function: Synthesize/make proteins
Can be
found
attached to
E.R. or free
in the cell
Turn volume down
Cell Organelles
Function
Supporting
Cytoskeleton
network
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Make
proteins
More Info
Location
Microfilaments
&
Microtubules
Free &
attached
Plants & Animals
Plants & Animals
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Defined: Highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic
cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis.
• Function: When rough (ribosomes), proteins are made
here & transports
Cell Organelles
Function
Supporting
Cytoskeleton
network
More Info
Microfilaments
&
Microtubules
Ribosomes
Make
proteins
Free &
attached
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Transport
system
Rough ER
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Location
(ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Plants & Animals
Plants & Animals
Plants & Animals
Golgi Apparatus
• Defined: Flattened stack of tubular membranes that
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and
transports them to another organelle or out of the cell.
• Function: Modifies and packages proteins
Cell Organelles
Function
Supporting
Cytoskeleton
network
More Info
Microfilaments
&
Microtubules
Ribosomes
Make
proteins
Free &
attached
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Transport
system
Rough ER
Golgi
Apparatus
Modifies &
packages
proteins
Lysosomes
Location
(ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
Plants & Animals
Plants & Animals
Plants & Animals
(No ribosomes attached)
Create
lysosomes
Plants & Animals
Lysosomes
• Defined: Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest
excess or worn-out cellular substances.
• Function: Digests
Cell Organelles
Function
Supporting
Cytoskeleton
network
More Info
Location
Microfilaments
&
Microtubules
Plants & Animals
Ribosomes
Make
proteins
Free &
attached
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Transport
system
Rough ER
Golgi
Apparatus
Modifies &
packages
proteins
Create
lysosomes
Plants & Animals
Lysosomes
Digests food
& dead
organelles
Filled with
enzymes
Plants & Animals
(ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
Plants & Animals
Plants & Animals
(No ribosomes attached)
Clicker Question #8
This organelle is composed of
microfilaments and micotubules:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Clicker Question #9
This organelle synthesizes proteins:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Clicker Question #10
This organelle modifies proteins:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Clicker Question #11
This organelle is filled with enzymes
for digestion purposes:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
• Defined: Membrane-bound organelle that converts
fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell.
• Function: Converts food into energy = Cellular respiration
Cell Organelles
Function
More Info
Location
Mitochondria Converts food Powerhouse Plants & Animals
into energy
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Chloroplast
• Defined: Double-membrane organelle that captures
light energy & converts it to chemical energy (glucose)
through photosynthesis.
• Function: Coverts light, H2O, & CO2 into food = Photosynthesis
Cell Organelles
Function
More Info
Location
Converts food
Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Makes food Photosynthesis
from sunlight
Plants
ONLY
Cell Wall
• Defined: In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the
outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose,
and provides support & protection to the cell.
• Function: In plants, bacteria, & fungi provides support
Cell Wall is
Organism
made of:
Plants
Cellulose
Bacteria Peptidoglycan
Fungi
Chitin
Cell Organelles
Function
More Info
Location
Converts food
Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Makes food Photosynthesis
from sunlight
Supports
&
NOT found
Cell Wall
protects in animals!
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Plants
ONLY
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Vacuole
• Defined: Membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage
of materials such as food, water, enzymes, and wastes.
• Function: Storage
Cell Organelles
Function
More Info
Location
Converts food
Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Makes food Photosynthesis
from sunlight
Supports
&
NOT found
Cell Wall
protects in animals!
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Stores water,
food, & waste
Very large
in plants
Plants
ONLY
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Plants & Animals
Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia: Hair-like projections that functions in cell
movement
• Flagella: Long tail-like projection with a whiplike motion that helps a cell swim.
Flagella
Cell Organelles
Function
More Info
Location
Converts food
Mitochondria into energy Powerhouse Plants & Animals
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Makes food Photosynthesis
from sunlight
Supports
&
NOT found
Cell Wall
protects in animals!
Vacuole
Stores water,
food, & waste
Cilia &
Flagella
Aids in
swimming
Very large
in plants
Plants
ONLY
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Plants & Animals
Cilia (many hairlike)
Plants & Animals
Flagella (whip like)
Clicker Question #12
These are hair-like and aid cells in
swimming/locomotion:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cilia
Flagella
Flagellum
Tails
Clicker Question #13
Photosynthesis occurs here:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Clicker Question #14
These two organelles are NOT
found in animal cells:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Chloroplast & Mitochondria
Cilia & Vacuoles
Cell Wall & Chloroplast
Mitochondria & Vacuoles
Clicker Question #15
These are very large in plants
and provides support when
filled with water:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Clicker Question #16
Which of the following has a
cell wall?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mushroom
Sunflower
E. coli
All of the above
Endosymbiotic Theory
•
Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that
eukaryotic cells arose from living
communities formed by prokaryotic
organisms.
•
Endo- means inside
• -symbiotic means relationship
Endosymbiotic Theory
•
Prokaryotes entered ancestral eukaryotes
•
Prokaryotes did NOT act as a parasite by infecting
the host (eukaryote)
•
Eukaryotes did NOT digest the prokaryotes
•
Instead, the smaller prokaryotes began LIVING
inside the larger cell – giving rise to eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic Theory
• 1st - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have DNA
similar to bacterial DNA.
• 2nd – Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have
ribosomes whose size & structure resembles
those of bacteria.
• 3rd – Like bacteria, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
reproduce by binary fission when the cells
containing them divide by mitosis.
Click Here For Animation Tutorial
Clicker Question #17
Which of the following summarizes the
Endosymbiotic Theory?
a. Mitochondria & chloroplasts in
eukaryotes were once prokaryotes
b. Ribosomes & lysosomes in eukaryotes
were once prokaryotes
c. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are now
found inside prokaryotes
d. None of the above
Clicker Question #18
Which of the following are true?
a. Mitochondria has DNA similar to
prokaryotes
b. Ribosomes in eukaryotes are similar to
prokaryotes
c. When mitochondria create more of
themselves, they divide similar to how
prokaryotes divide
d. All of the above
Viruses
• Virus comes from the Latin word for “poison”
• Virus are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in
some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting
living cells.
• Viruses are so small that they can only be seen using
an electron microscope.
Flu Virus
Ebola Virus
AIDS Virus
Bacteriaphage
Viruses
• Viruses have NO organelles!
• A typical virus is composed of a core of either
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
Common Cold Virus
Small Pox Virus
Polio Virus
Herpes Virus
Viruses
• A virus’s outer protein coat is
called its capsid.
• A capsid is an outer protein
coat that enables a virus to enter a
host cell.
• The capsid binds to the surface of
a cell and “tricks” the cell into
allowing it inside.
Viruses
• Once inside the cell, the viral genes take over.
• The cell transcribes (reads and copies) the
viral genes, putting the genetic program of the
virus into effect.
• And often times the virus destroys the host
cell
Viruses
Vaccine: A preparation
of a weakened or killed
pathogen, upon injection, stimulates antibody
production or cellular immunity against the pathogen
but is incapable of causing severe infection (sickness).
• A world wide vaccination program was able to
eliminate smallpox!
• Antibiotics NEVER cure viral infections!!...ONLY Bacteria
Click here to compare
size!
Small pox
Viruses Video
Viruses
Bacteria
(cells)
• Reproduces on their own
• Has organelles
• Large in size
• Cell wall for protection
Both
• DNA or RNA
• Cause disease
• Must have host to reproduce
• Has NO organelles
• Extremely small in size
• Capsid for protection
Clicker Question #19
Which of the following statements is
true about viruses?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Viruses do not have DNA
Viruses must have a host to reproduce
Antibiotics kill viruses
Viruses have organelles
Clicker Question #20
Which of the following is the
smallest?
a. White blood cell
b. Pollen
c. Bacteria
d. Virus
Clicker Question #21
Which of the following do viruses
NOT have?
a. Organelles
b. Capsid
c. Genetic material
d. They have all of the above
Clicker Question #22
DNA is located here:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
The End
Answers
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. A
12. A
13. C
14. D
15. B
16. D
17. A
18. D
19. B
20. D
21. A
22. B