Download A Tour Through the Cell Zellular Biology 2014

 A Tour Through the Cell Zellular Biology 2014-­‐2015 Nucleus Mikayla Rulh 9/30/14 Biology (E) Zell Cellular Organelles: Nucleus Which cells have a nucleus? •
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All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus o DNA probably in nucleoid if no nucleus Location: •
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A big dark spot found floating in the middle of the cytoplasm (liquid that fills cell) Not on edge of cell because that would be dangerous Function: •
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Houses genetic code for DNA Command center for all cellular functions Codes for proteins Controls cells growth and reproduction Appearance: •
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A membrane bound structure Surrounded by double membrane structure-­‐ nuclear envelope Big and dark in the center of the cell Other cellular organelles are found around the nucleus Nucleolus is found within nucleus Nucleolus
Cy Winsberg
Biology (E)
Coach Zell
Organelle project
Organelle Project
Nucleolus
In what cell type will you find the cell?
The nucleolus is found in all eukaryotic cells.
Does your organelle occupy a specific location in these cells?
It is found within the nucleus of cells it forms around specific chromosomal regions.
What does the organelle accomplish for the cell?
The Nucleolus constructs ribosomes and combines it with protein.
Fun and interesting facts
There can be multiple nucleoli in a single cell nucleus.
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
John Gainey
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In what cells or cell types will you find this organelle?
o Found in Eukaryotic Cells
§ Animal, Protist, and Plant Cell
Does your organelle occupy a special or specific location in these cells?
o Surrounds Nucleus and Golgi Apparatus
o A large amount of them is found there
What does this organelle accomplish for the cell?
o Manufacture Secreting Proteins
§ Secreting Proteins Examples
• Hormones
• Enzymes
• Toxins
• Antimicrobial Peptides
o Synthesize Proteins
o Manufacture Lysosomal Enzymes
o Assembles Integral Membrane Proteins
§ Integral Membrane Proteins Examples
• Responsible for structure of cell membrane
• Responsible for accumulation and transduction of energy
• Responsible for cell adhesion
What does this organelle look like? How would I recognize it?
o Covered with protein-making ribosomes (Black Dots)
§ #3 (Animal Cell)
§ #2 (Plant Cell)
o Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
§ #5 (Animal Cell)
§ #1 (Plant Cell)
Any fun facts or interesting notes regarding your organelle?
o They are called “rough” because of the ribosomes that are on them, rather than
the Smooth ER that don’t have any ribosomes
o Disturbances in redox regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and
viral infect can leaded to ER stress
§ Stress leads to unfolded proteins
§ It damages the hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders
o In any Eukaryotic Cell, there is only one Rough ER
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Pictures
o Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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Ribosomes
A. Functions
a. Assembles the proteins of a cell.
i. This process is called: Protein Synthesis.
1. Protein synthesis is the series of processes of translating
and making transcriptions to assemble protein.
a. During the transcription process, the genetic code,
which is inside DNA, is converted into an RNA
version of code known as Messenger RNA (mRNA).
b. During the translation process, a polypeptide chain
is produced, which is practically an amino acid
chain. The ribosomal RNA helps link up the acids
to then create protein. It goes through series of
modifications before finally becoming a fully
functioning protein.
B. Significance
a. Without ribosomes, a cell wouldn’t be granted the proteins it needs to
function, become unable to perform tasks, such as replicating DNA, and
eventually in a short amount of time, die.
b. Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids. There are
multiple types of proteins, all of which do different jobs. For example,
proteins can be antibodies, enzymes (Which carry out chemical reactions
that takes place in cells and help read genetic information stored within
DNA.), messengers (such as hormones), structural support, and
transportation (For example, carrying atoms and small molecules around
the body.
C. Location
a. Ribosomes are usually found in the cytosol (The liquid component of the
cytoplasm) or stuck onto the endoplasmic reticulum.
i. The proteins assembled by ribosomes bound on the endoplasmic
reticulum are usually exported or serves the cell’s membranes,
while the free ribosomes make proteins that will function in the
cytosol.
D. Characteristics
a. Usually composed of two subsections.
i. Ribosomes are split into two sections, a large subunit and a small
subunit
ii. Sooner or later they join together during the process of protein
synthesis.
E. Existence in cells
a. Ribosomes can be numerous and almost countless depending on the
protein production level of a cell.
i. This range can be estimated around the millions.
F. Pictures:
a. Free ribosomes and ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
b. The process of Transcription
c. The process of Translation
SMOOTH ENDOPLAMIC RETICULUMS (SER) The ER functions as a manufacturing and packaging system.
It is connected to the nuclear envelope. The endoplasmic
reticulum is a type of organelle in the cells of eukaryotic
organisms. It works closely with the Golgi apparatus,
ribosomes, mRNA, and tRNA. The endoplasmic reticulum
serves many general functions, including the folding of protein
molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of
synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Smooth ERs also detoxifies poisons such as alcohol and
storage calcium (Ca+2). There are two basic types of ER. Both
rough ER and smooth ER have the same types of membranes
but they have different shapes. Rough ER looks like sheets or
disks of bumpy while smooth ER looks more like tubes. Rough
ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its
surface. Smooth ER acts as a storage organelle. It is important
in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids. Steroids are
a type of ringed organic molecule used for many purposes in
an organism. They are not always about building the muscle
mass of a weight lifter.
Golgi body
A. Where is it found
a. Found in both plant and animal cells
b. Found in most eukaryotic cells
B. Special Location/ specific function
a. Found within the cytoplasm of the cell
b. Packages proteins, and other important materials to the cell before
they are sent to a location
c. Made up of stacks of cisternae
i. Cisternae flattened disk that makes up the Golgi body
d. Receives proteins and materials form vesicles
e. Named after the Italian physician, Camillo Golgi
f. Final packaging
Vesicles by Erron Thomas •
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Vesicles are found in these cells o Vesicles are only found in animal cells o And are Eukaryotic o They are in plant cells and they help build the cell wall in plant cells o And some protists Vesicles are located o In animal cells they are located inside the cell membrane floating around until pushed out the cell via the cell membrane Types of vesicles and functions o Transport vesicles § Can move molecules between different locations within the cell § They also travel within the cell to transport vesicles? § Membrane-­‐bound o Secretory vesicles § Contain things that can be excreted from the cell § Cells may have any materials to exert and these materials are stored in the secretory vesicle and can be released when needed Fun facts about vesicles: o Vesicles fuse with the golgi apparatus and release their contents into the golgi apparatus. o Secretory vesicles contain materials that are to be excreted from the cell. o The secretory vesicles containing modified substances are pinched off from the golgi apparatus. They then move to fuse with the cell membrane and their contents are released outside the cell. VACUOLES
1. In what cells or cell types will you find vacuoles?
- Plant cells
- Fungal cells
- Some protist
- Some animal
- Some bacteria cells
2. Do vacuoles occupy a special or specific location in these cells?
- Occupy a bigger space in a plant cell for more storage
- Occupy a smaller space in an animal cell for storage
3. What do vacuoles accomplish for the cell? - They accomplish storage 4. What does a vacuoles look like? How would I recognize it? - Can recognize it in a plant cell because it looks like a large sack -
Can recognize vacuoles in animal cells because it looks like a medium size sphere compared to vesicles and lysosome. LYSOSOMES AND PEROXISOMES
• Both Lysosomes and peroxisomes carry digestive enzymes to
breakdown and recycle cells
A. Lysosomes
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Break down general wastes/cellular debris
Responsible for digesting macromolecules
Contains various forms of hydrolytic enzymes(around
50 different types)
• Surrounded by a single membrane
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B. Peroxisomes
• Found in all eukaryotic cells
• Breaks down hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
• Enzymes in the peroxisomes oxidize molecules found
in the cell
• Reaction to the oxidation produces hydrogen peroxide
• Because hydrogen peroxide is toxic to the cell,
peroxisomes contains an enzyme call catalase
• Catalase changes hydrogen peroxide into water and
oxygen
Lysosomes Intracellular Digestion
Mitochondria
Ø Membrane bound-organelle
Ø Found in most eukaryotic cells
Ø Sometimes referred as “cellular power plants” because they generate most of the
cell’s adenosine triphosphate or ATP (chemical energy)
Ø Mitochondria are found in all Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, and fungi)
Ø Mitochondria are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells along with other
organelles
Mitochondria are also involved with tasks that include:
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Signaling – The ability of cells to react to the environment that they are in. For
example when there is a distress signal from an injured tissue, other cells can be
sent to help. HOWEVER, the dysfunction of this cell signaling can result in
diseases like diabetes, cancer, and autoimmunity
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Cell Differentiation - The process where a less specialized cell transforms itself
into an advanced cell overtime without changing its DNA
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Cell Death
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Cell Cycle
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The cell fills up on nutrients in preparation for the split
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The cell splits into two separate “daughter cells”
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The final phase of this cycle is the complete divide between the 2 cells
Cell Growth – where the cell grows and increases its genetic material
FUN FACT:
An average (active) muscle can have a
mitochondria count as low as 750 and as
high and 1000
Christy Charbonnet Mr. Zell Science-­‐E 9-­‐30-­‐14 Chloroplasts are organelles, and are only found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae. They, however, can also be found in certain protists, such as algae cells. Chloroplasts are not located in any animal cells or prokaryotic cells. The chloroplasts are in the cytoplasm of the cell, or the gel-­‐like substance that is inside the plant cells. Chloroplasts enable plant and some algae cells to convert solar energy into chemical energy, making them the “food producers.” The chloroplasts convert the light from the sun into sugars, or carbohydrates, for the cell’s use. This process is called photosynthesis. Abhi Jani I.
Cytoskeleton Finding the cytoskeleton • Cytoskeletons are mainly found in eukaryotic cells (Plants, Animal, Protists , & Fungi) The location of the Cytoskeleton • It fills the cytoplasm • It cover the entire cell Function of Cytoplasm • The cytoplasm is an intercellular protein that helps the cell with movement, shape, and support. Cytoskeleton has three main structural components: microfilaments, intimidate filaments, microtubules. II.
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Microfilaments-­‐8 nm in diameter (smallest protein in the cytoskeleton). Microfilaments help with the cell mobility. This includes movement of organelles throughout the cell. • Microtubule-­‐ 24 nm in diameter (biggest proteins). They help determine the shape of the cell and it is hollow and provides a highway system for the movement of vesicles and organelles • Intermiadiate filaments-­‐ Intermediate filaments have a diameter of about 10 nm. It is about 10mm in diameter the intermediate filaments are not IV.
directly involved in cell movements. Instead, they appear to play basically a structural role by providing mechanical strength to cells and tissues. Pictures of Cytoskeleton V. Fun Facts about the Cytoplasm • If there was no cytoplasm a cell would just collapse under its own weight Biology Project
Centrioles
1. Centrioles are primarily found in eukaryotic cells but can still be found in some
plants. They can be found in:
a. Animal cells
b. Some seedless plants
c. Cyads (palm trees)
d. Ginko (a very unusual non-flowering plant)
Description:
Centrioles are long cylindrical shaped organelles that are hollowed out in the middle.
They are buildup of 9 sets of three microtubules arranged into a cylinder shape.
Function:
The function of a centriole is yet to be determined and is thought of as a (word for useless
part of a body). The centriole however is active during mitosis meaning it duplicates so
it’s present in other cells. The older centriole’s term is mother centriole begins to
duplicate forming the new centriole called the daughter form onto the side of the mother.
They are connected by fibers which release once mitosis of the cell is complete.
Fun Fact:
The centriole is only present in the male form of some flowers but not the females.
Cilia and Flagella
•€€€€€€€€ The cilia of a cell, particularly eukaryotic cells, are
the hair-like structures extending 5-10 micrometers from the cell
body. So basically, it's located just around the cells body. These
can move back and for
•€€€€€€€€ The flagella, on the other hand, is the tail part of
most cells which enables locomotion for the cell. This moves back
and fore but in more of a thrashing motion.
•€€€€€€€€ Ex: a sperm cell, known for having a tail to enable
it to move fast in order to initialize fertilization. With the use of a
good microscope, you may see for yourself where these organelles
are exactly located in the cells.
•€€€€€€€€ Flagella are only on one end of the cell
•€€€€€€€€ cilia grow all around the cell.
•€€€€€€€€ Cilia usually move substances along, like mucus.
•€€€€€€€€ Flagella move the whole cell along, rather than
moving substances along their surface. Also the same thing about
bacteria.
•€€€€€€€€ These structures are hair-like in form and can be
found on the outside of a cell. If they are short and numerous, they
are called cilia.
•€€€€€€€€ If they are long, tail-like, and few, they are called
flagella.
Cell Wall
*Polymers – a complex molecule composed of many subunits bound together (in this case it is mostly amino acids and sugars) What is a cell wall?
A cell wall is a layer of *polymers surrounding the cell membrane which is hard
and rigid but has some flexibility
In what cells or what cell types will you find this organelle?
In plants, fungi, some protists (such as algae), bacteria, and archeans
What is a cell wall made of?
Cell walls are generally made out of complex, tough material such as cellulose in
plants and chitin in fungi, and in the rest of the cell types are made out of other
polymers
What is the function of a cell wall?
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provides protection and structure and in some cases the cell wall acts as a filter
acts as a barrier in which it prevents over expansion when water is entered into
the cell this also gives additional structure to the cell by creating a rigid outer
structure around a pressurized cell membrane