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Advances in Genetics Advancing Genetics… • There are three major methods used by people to develop desirable traits in organisms: Advancing Genetics… • There are three major methods used by people to develop desirable traits in organisms: ▫ Selective breeding Advancing Genetics… • There are three major methods used by people to develop desirable traits in organisms: ▫ Selective breeding ▫ Cloning Advancing Genetics… • There are three major methods used by people to develop desirable traits in organisms: ▫ Selective breeding ▫ Cloning ▫ Genetic engineering Selective Breeding • Selective breeding describes the process of breeding organisms for desired traits. Selective Breeding • Selective breeding describes the process of breeding organisms for desired traits. • There are two methods of selective breeding: Selective Breeding • Selective breeding describes the process of breeding organisms for desired traits. • There are two methods of selective breeding: ▫ Inbreeding ▫ Hybridization Inbreeding & Hybridization • Inbreeding involves the crossing of individuals with similar or identical alleles. Inbreeding & Hybridization • Inbreeding involves the crossing of individuals with similar or identical alleles. ▫ Crops Inbreeding & Hybridization • Inbreeding involves the crossing of individuals with similar or identical alleles. ▫ Crops ▫ Domestic Animals Inbreeding & Hybridization • Inbreeding involves the crossing of individuals with similar or identical alleles. ▫ Crops ▫ Domestic Animals • Hybridization is the crossing of different individuals with the hopes of getting the best traits of each. Inbreeding & Hybridization • Inbreeding involves the crossing of individuals with similar or identical alleles. ▫ Crops ▫ Domestic Animals • Hybridization is the crossing of different individuals with the hopes of getting the best traits of each. ▫ Corn – many kernels x insect resistant Inbreeding & Hybridization • Inbreeding involves the crossing of individuals with similar or identical alleles. ▫ Crops ▫ Domestic Animals • Hybridization is the crossing of different individuals with the hopes of getting the best traits of each. ▫ Corn – many kernels x insect resistant ▫ Labradoodle Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR • PCR allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of DNA. 1. Heat the DNA so it “unzips”. 2. Add the complementary nitrogenous bases. 3. Allow DNA to cool so the complementary strands can “zip” together. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering, aka: gene splicing, is when genes from one organism is placed in the DNA of another organism. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering, aka: gene splicing, is when genes from one organism is placed in the DNA of another organism. ▫ Bacteria Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering, aka: gene splicing, is when genes from one organism is placed in the DNA of another organism. ▫ Bacteria ▫ Crops Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering, aka: gene splicing or recombinant DNA, is when genes from one organism is placed in the DNA of another organism. ▫ Bacteria ▫ Crops ▫ Humans to cows (Hemophilia) Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering, aka: gene splicing or recombinant DNA, is when genes from one organism is placed in the DNA of another organism. ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Bacteria Crops Humans to cows (Hemophilia) Gene therapy (Cystic Fibrosis) Genetic Engineering In Practice: Insulin Genetic Engineering In Practice: Insulin Genetic Engineering In Practice: Insulin Genetic Engineering In Practice: Insulin Genetic Engineering In Practice: Insulin How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant 1.Create recombinant with desired gene. bacteria 2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells. 3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes. Gel Electrophoresis/DNA Fingerprinting • DNA can be extracted from various parts of the body. ▫ Hair ▫ Blood ▫ Skin 1. Steps Involved in Gel “Cut” DNA sample with Electrophoresis restriction enzymes. 2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel. 3. Bands will form in the gel. 4. Everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person. 5. DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”. DNA Fingerprint Gel Electrophoresis • Click me to see a Flash animation!